帕布莉卡师说
韩愈
On The Teacher
Han Yu
《师说》是韩愈的一篇著名论文。这篇文章是针对门第观念影响下「耻学于师」的坏风气写的，在当时士大夫阶层中，就普遍存在着从师「位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀」的心理。韩愈反对这种错误的观念，提出以「道」为师，「道」在即师在，这是有进步意义的。理解这些背景知识对文章的理解和翻译都有很大帮助。
古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。
In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts.
🎈「古之学者必有师」并不是说古代想要学习的人就会有老师教授他们，而是说他们会主动去寻求老师教导他们，译作了「seek out a teacher」
🎈「传道受业解惑」意即「传授道理、教授学业、解答疑难」，译作「propagate the doctrine, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts」，其中「传授知识」在翻译考题中很常见，译作「impart knowledge」，注意表达积累。
🎈原文是两句话，后一句是对「师者」的解释，译文处理做了定语从句，和前一句衔接了起来。
人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？
Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts?
🎈be born…天生…，后面可以加形容词或者名词，例如Trevor Noah的书名Born a Crime（《天生有罪》）
🎈claim to自称/声称…
🎈「omniscient」释义为「knowing everything 无所不知的；全知全能的；博闻广识的」
例句
The novel has an omniscient narrator.
这部小说有一个全知全能的叙述者。
惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。
If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved.
🎈原文虽然没有明显的标志，但是是个假设句，译文要把这一逻辑关系体现出来，用了「if」引导的条件状语从句。
生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。
Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher.
🎈「生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之」是说「我会师从任何生于我之前、闻道先于我的人」，由于这句话的重点在原文的前半句，所以译文用「任何人」作主语，将原文的信息处理为「任何生于我之前、闻道先于我的人都可以做我的老师」，突出了前面的内容，将其处理为anyone引导的定语从句。
🎈「道」译作了「doctrine」，和第一段保持一致。
吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？
Since what I desire to learn is the doctrine, why should I care whether he was born before or after me?
🎈「吾师道也」：我（是向他）学习道理。师，用做动词。意即「我想要的是学习道」，译作了「what I desire to learn is the doctrine」
🎈「知」了解、知道。这里只翻译出「知道」的意思是不够的，应是「在不在意」，译作了「care」
是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。
Therefore, it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position, young or old in age. Where there is the doctrine, there is my teacher.
🎈「无贵无贱」是从社会地位来讲，「无长无少」是从年龄来讲，译文进行了具体化，将这个短语处理成了并列结构，译作了「high or low in position, young or old in age」
🎈「道之所存，师之所存也」暗含条件关系，译文将前半部分处理为条件状语从句，明示这种关系。
嗟乎!师道之不传也久矣!
Alas! The tradition of learning from the teacher has long been neglected.
🎈这里的「道」区别于「闻道」的「道」，而是「传统」的意思， 「师道」就是指上文的「古之学者必有师，」即「从师的传统」，译作了「the tradition of learning from the teacher」
🎈「不传」在译文中化主动为被动，译作「被忽视has been neglected」
欲人之无惑也难矣！
Thus it is difficult to find a person without any doubts at all.
🎈「人之无惑」是个主谓结构，译文将其译为「a person without any doubts at all」，转换为了名词结构，避免动词的使用。
古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉；今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。
Ancient sages, who far surpassed us, even learned from their teachers. People today, who are far inferior to them, regard learning from the teacher as a disgrace.
🎈古代圣贤ancient sages
🎈「其出人也远矣」处理做非限制性定语从句，跟在「ancient sages」之后，使得译文层次分明。
🎈不如…be inferior to sb
🎈以…为耻regard… as a disgrace
是故圣益圣，愚益愚。
Thus, wise men become wiser and unlearned men become more foolish.
🎈「thus」是表因果关系的副词，后加结果。
🎈愚人unlearned men
圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎？
This explains what makes a wise man and what makes a foolish man.
🎈「make」在这里意为「to cause sth to exist, happen or be done」，用在这里简单明了，要学会这种用法，例句如下：
She tried to make a good impression on the interviewer.
她努力给主持面试者留个好印象。
爱其子，择师而教之：于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。
It is absurd that a person would choose a teacher for his son out of his love for the child, and yet refuse to learn from the teacher himself, thinking it a disgrace to do so.
🎈「惑矣」意为「真是糊涂啊」，这个小句是中文的评述性表达，在中文中经常后置，但是在翻译时要注意提前，译作了「It is absurd that…」
🎈「爱其子」在原文中是个动宾结构，在译文中译作「out of his love for the child」，处理做了介词短语做原因状语，属于词性转换。
🎈「则耻师焉」译作了「thinking it a disgrace to do so」，分词短语做原因状语。
彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者也，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。
The teacher of his son teaches the child only reading and punctuation, which is not propagating the doctrine or resolving doubts as the aforementioned.
🎈「句读」，也叫句逗，古人指文辞休止和停顿处。文辞意尽处为句，语意未尽而须停顿处为读（逗）。古代书籍上没有标点，老师教学童读书时要进行句读（逗）的教学。译作了「punctuation」
🎈「非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也」中的「非」指的是前面提到的老师这种做法不是作者所谓的「传道解惑」，所以这个句子译为了「which」引导的非限制性定语从句，「which」指代前面整个句子。
句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。
I don’t think it wise to learn from the teacher when one does not know how to punctuate, but not to learn when one has doubts unresolved. It is folly to learn in small matters, but neglect the big ones.
🎈「吾未见其明也」和上文的 「惑矣」一样，都是评述性表达，在译文中要提前，译作了「I don’t think it wise to…」
🎈「或师焉，或不焉」：有的（指「句读之不知」这样的小事）从师，有的（指「惑之不解」这样的大事）不从师。翻译这句话时要注意要调整语序，与前文内容相结合，把「或师焉」与「句读之不知」结合起来翻译，「或不焉」与「惑之不解」结合起来翻译。
🎈由于这个句子较长，信息较多，译文在「小学而大遗」处断句，同时重复了「吾未见其明也」，译作了「It is folly to…」
巫医乐师百工之人，不耻相师。
Even medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen do not think it disgraceful to learn from each other.
🎈以..为耻think it disgraceful to do sth
士大夫之族，曰师曰弟子云者，则群聚而笑之。
When one of the literati calls another man his 「teacher」 and himself his 「student」, people will get together and invariably laugh at him.
🎈literati是literatus的复数，是文人之意，除此之外文人还可译作scholar/man of letters等。
🎈在这句话的译文中第二个「his」指代的是「another man」。
问之，则曰:「彼与彼年相若也，道相似也。位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。」
If you ask them why they are laughing, they will say that since he is almost of the same age and as erudite as another man, it would be degrading for him to call the other man 「teacher」, if the other man’s social rank is lower than his; and it would be flattering if the other man’s social rank is higher.
🎈「彼与彼年相若也，道相似也。位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀」这句话意为「因为他们年岁相近，学问也不相上下，所以若是师从于比自己地位低的人则应感到羞惭，若是师从比自己地位高的人则有谄媚之嫌」，其中有两层逻辑关系需在译文中体现，一是因果关系，用「since」来体现，而是假设关系，用「if」来体现。
🎈「flattering」释义为「saying nice things about sb/sth 奉承的；阿谀的；讨好的」
例句
I knew she was just flattering me.
我知道她只是在奉承我。
鸣乎！师道之不复可知矣！
Alas! It is clear that the tradition of learning from the teacher can no longer be restored.
🎈「可知矣」意即「便由此可知」，也就是「显而易见了」，译作「It is clear that…」
🎈「restore」释义为「to bring a law, tradition, way of working, etc. back into use 重新采用（或实施）；恢复」
例句
Some people argue that the death penalty should be restored.
有些人主张恢复死刑。
巫医乐师百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤!
Medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen are despised by the gentlemen. How strange it is that gentlemen are less wise than these people!
🎈「不齿」意即「不屑与之同列，即看不起」，译作「despise」，这里用作被动语态。
圣人无常师。
The ancient sages did not limit themselves to particular teachers.
🎈limit…to…局限于
孔子师郯子，苌弘，师襄，老聃。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。
Confucius had learned from people like Tanzi, Changhong, Shixiang and Laodan, who were not as virtuous and talented as Confucius.
🎈古代对于「贤士」的定义：古人认为只有道义和才华兼具的人才能被称作贤人。这里的「贤」译作了「virtuous and talented」，「贤士」译作「men of virtue and talent」
孔子曰「三人行，则必有我师。」
Confucius said, 「If three men are walking together, one of them is bound to be good enough to be my teacher.”
🎈必然会/一定会be bound to
🎈「必有我师」是说「一定有资格做我的老师」，译作「is bound to be good enough to be my teacher」
🎈「三人行，则必有我师」这句话经常见到，可能会在热词或者翻译考题中出现，像这样的句子要注意积累，若能运用在作文之中也会给文章增色。
是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子。
A student is not necessarily inferior to his teacher, nor does a teacher necessarily be more virtuous and talented than his student.
🎈这两句话涉及比较，其中「inferior to」本身就是「不如」之意，不用比较级，但是后文翻译「贤」时要注意用形容词比较级。
闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已。
The real fact is that one might have learned the doctrine earlier than the other, or might be a master in his own special field.
🎈「术业有专攻」：在学问上有自己的专门研究，译作了「be a master in his own special field」
李氏子蟠，年十七，好古文，六艺经传皆通习之。
Pan, the son of Li’s family, who is only seventeen years old, but loves to study Chinese classics of the Qin and Han dynasties, and masters the six classics and their annotations.
🎈这里的「古文」是与骈文相对而言的、奇句单行、不讲对偶声律的散文体。韩愈当时主张恢复先秦和汉代散文内容充实、长短自由、质朴流畅的传统，所以这里要结合背景知识来翻译，译作「Chinese classics of the Qin and Han dynasties」
🎈「六艺」，指六经，即《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》六部儒家经典，译作「the six classics」。「经」，两汉及其以前的散文，前文已经提到，此处没有重复。「传」，古称解释经文的著作为传，译作「their annotations」
不拘于时，学于余。
He does not follow conventions and is willing to learn from me.
🎈「不拘于时」：指不受当时以求师为耻的不良风气的束缚。「时」，时俗，指当时士大夫中耻于从师的不良风气。译作了「conventions」，这个词的英英释义为「the way in which sth is done that most people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it 习俗；常规；惯例」，常见用法例如social conventions 社会习俗。
余嘉其能行古道，作《师说》以贻之。
I appreciate his ability to act in accordance with the old tradition of learning. Therefore I dedicate this piece to him.
🎈in accordance with依照/与…相一致
🎈「行古道」要结合前文来翻译，就是指「遵循旧时从师的传统」，译作了「to act in accordance with the old tradition of learning」
🎈「dedicate」是「献词」之意，常用在书的开篇。
🔥重点词汇
omniscient adj. 无所不知的；全知全能的；博闻广识的
英义
knowing everything
例句
The novel has an omniscient narrator.
这部小说有一个全知全能的叙述者。
flattering adj. 奉承的；阿谀的；讨好的
英义
saying nice things about sb/sth
例句
I knew she was just flattering me.
我知道她只是在奉承我。
convention n. 习俗；常规；惯例
英义
the way in which sth is done that most people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it
例句
By convention the deputy leader was always a woman.
按惯例，这一领导职务的副职总是由女性担任。
🔥重点表达
传授知识impart knowledge
天生…be born…
古代圣贤ancient sages
不如…be inferior to sb
以…为耻regard… as a disgrace
…是不明智的I don’t think it wise to…/It is folly to…
巫师medicine men
手工艺人handicraftsmen
文人（复数）literati/scholars/men of letters
看不起despise sb
贤士men of virtue and talent
依照/与…相一致in accordance with
🔥表达对比
显而易见/不证自明有几种表达？
鸣乎！师道之不复（可知矣）！
Alas! It is clear that the tradition of learning from the teacher can no longer be restored.
在美国和西欧，大多数年轻人都选择学习吉他，这背后的原因是（显而易见）的。
In the United States and Western Europe, guitar is the instrument of choice for most youngsters, and there are obvious reasons for that.
杨安泽在康科德说，「这不是一个选择。这是一个（显而易见的事实）。」
Mr. Yang said in Concord, 「That’s not a choice. It’s just a fairly evident reality.」
我们接受了超个人主义的谎言，并将它们作为（不言而喻的假设），让它们支配我们的生活。
We’ve taken the lies of hyper-individualism and we’ve made them the unspoken assumptions that govern how we live.
