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施蛰存《美国的男女》 -英语技巧与实例-英汉互译实用教程

2023-01-20 分类：新概念英语第四册 阅读(128) 评论(0)

美国的男女

American Men and Women
施蛰存
Shi Zhecun
 
🔥背景知识：施蛰存（1905-2003），中国现代著名作家、文学翻译家、学者，生于杭州，长于苏州，辛亥革命后随家迁居江苏松江（现属上海市），1922年考进杭州之江大学，次年入上海大学，开始文学活动和创作，晚年执教于华东师范大学中文系。《美国的男女》是他写于1987年的一篇杂文。
 
近来，各种报纸上都有读者来信，一部分是反映社会情况，更多的是生活上有疑难问题，写信给报社，要求解答。
Various newspapers of late carry letters from readers reflecting social conditions or more often requesting solutions to knotty problems in life. 
🎈of late固定短语，相当于recently、lately
🎈carry letters表示「刊登信件」，carry熟词僻义，此处指(报纸、海报)登载，刊登，印有
letter carrier/postman/deliveryman邮递员
the litter carriers轿夫
🎈「一部分是反映社会情况，更多的是生活上有疑难问题，写信给报社，要求解答」英译时借助两个分词reflecting…, requesting连接，翻译出读者来信的内容，符合英语句子结构，是很地道的译法。
 
我很喜欢看这些通信，从这里可以了解各色市民的生活和思想情况。
I am fond of reading them because they mirror the life and thought of people of all descriptions.
🎈此句译成英语时，如果主语不作转变，一直以I作为陈述对象，译文就容易有中式英语味道，这里译者把后半句译成了原因（because）从句,主语也进行了转变，表达更流畅地道。
🎈各式各样的、各种类型的of various descriptions。其中，description表示「类型」，常用搭配为of some/all/every/various, etc. descriptions
何为《最后一圈》
芸芸众生human beings of all descriptions
 
外国报纸也有这种通信，有些报纸还特辟专栏，由专人负责答复。
The same is true of foreign newspapers. Some of them have set up special columns with special columnists in charge of answering questions.
🎈「也有」译作The same is true of（…也是如此/同理），灵活运用表达很重要。
🎈「特辟专栏」译作set up special columns 
🎈take charge of与in charge of区别
一、含义不同
take charge of 照管，监理，担任
in charge of 负责，主管
二、侧重不同
take charge of 侧重动作
in charge of 侧重状态
 
美国有一位署名安澜德（Ann Landers）的女记者，为八百多种报刊答复读者来信，就称为“安澜德专栏”。这个专栏极受读者欢迎，每天至少有三千万人拿到报纸就看这个专栏。
An American woman journalist named Ann Landers was once put in charge of such correspondence for over 800 newspapers respectively. Known as “Ann Landers’ Column”, it became extremely popular with readers. Every day, the first thing that attracted the attention of readers, totaling at least 30 million, would be this special column.
🎈be put in charge of 被赋予责任，分管
例句
Well, that settles it. When this baby’s born, I’ll be in charge of putting on the socks.
那就说定了。孩子出生以后，我负责给他穿袜子。
🎈「极受…欢迎」译为popular with，请注意介词的搭配。
🎈「拿到报纸就看这个专栏」即「这个专栏是读者拿到报纸后看的第一个栏目」，现译为the first thing that attracted the attention of readers…would be this special column。又，total作动词，表示「总计、总达」。例句
The unit’s exports will total $85 million this year.
该部门今年的出口总额将达8,500 万美元。
 
安澜德通信已出了好几个单行本，都畅销一时。
Landers’ letters, later appearing in several collections, have been selling like hot cakes.
🎈appear熟词僻义，此处指「书籍等作品出版，发表，问世」
🎈「单行本」这里指的是安澜德的「作品集」，译作collections
🎈「畅销一时」译为selling like hot cakes，意同welling well。这是原汁原味的地道英语，平时在写作和翻译中要注意积累。
 
前几天，老友钱歌川从美国寄给我两本《人间信箱》，这是他选择的安澜德通信，供中国人学习英语用的。
Several years ago, my old friend Qian Gechuan sent me from the US two collections of Landers’ letters that he had selected and translated for the benefit of Chinese learners of English. 
🎈from the US作状语，位置灵活，可译为sent me from the US two collections…，也可译为sent me two collections… from the US。但此处基于句子整体安排考虑（句子后半部分有that定从修饰two collections of Landers’ letters），故将from the US放在sent me之后。
🎈「供…用」这里并没有直译为for the use of，而是很灵活地译为for the benefit of …(为了…的利益，对…有益），体现了译者语言运用能力。
 
因为这些通信所用的英语，都是流行的成语俗字，有许多字还没有编入字典，可以说是最新最活的英语。
The letters were originally written in present-day English with up-to-date idioms and colloquialisms, many of which have not yet been compiled into dictionaries.
🎈「成语俗字」译为idioms and colloquialisms，colloquialisms是口头日常用语及俗语。
🎈「编入字典」译为compiled into dictionaries，compile是「编制,编纂」如compile a book/register…编制一本书/登记册等。
 
两本《人间信箱》，选择了二百来封信和答复。几乎有百分之八十是青年男女写给安澜德的信，要求她解答各种婚姻问题、恋爱问题或处事问题。
There were in the two collections altogether 200 letters to and from Landers, of which about 80% were sent by American young men and women asking for her advice on problems of marriage, love, ways of society, etc.
🎈letters to and from …表示「来信和回信」
🎈「处事问题」译作ways of society（社交方式、交际方式）
🎈译文将这两句合并，通过of which把后句重整为从句。准确理解原文、梳理逻辑，是句式重整的基础。如句式都不作任何调整对照直译，很多情况会出现译文过于僵硬或过于中式。
 
他们的问题，跟中国青年的问题完全不同，有许多是我们想象不到的。
The problems confronting them were entirely different from those of Chinese young people. Many were quite unimaginable to us. 
🎈「他们的问题」可译作The problems confronting them，也可译作The problems facing them。
 
现在举两件突出的事例给读者，以广见闻，以资谈助，或者还可以资警惕。
Now let me cite two striking examples for the information and chit-chat of my readers. Meanwhile, they may also serve to put our youth on the alert.
🎈「举例」这里并未译为for example，而是用 cite（引用）这个动词，更体现了客观性。
🎈「突出的事例」译为striking examples，意为这些例子都并非我们平常所闻。
🎈请注意原文三个排比「以广见闻，以资谈助，…以资警惕」的英译for the information and chit-chat，…put …on the alert
 
一个三十岁的女人，在二十岁的时候，看见女朋友都结婚了，她怕做老小姐，急急忙忙嫁了一个认识才两个月的男人。
Here is the story of a 30-year-old American woman. At the age of 20, seeing all her girl friends already married, she worried about herself some day becoming an old maid and therefore quickly married a man whom she had known for barely two months.
🎈Here is the story of 是对原文的增译，使得译文更流畅。
🎈此句提取主干即「…怕…，因此嫁了…」she worried…therefore quickly married…。剩下的成分「在二十岁的时候」「看见女朋友都结婚了」分别处理成介词短语At the age of 20及分词短语seeing all her girl friends already married。又，句中的「女朋友」指女性朋友，故译作girl friends，而非girlfriend（女朋友），也可译作female friends。
🎈one day和some day的区别
one day与some day均可用作状语，表示「有一天」，但两者所连用句子的时态稍有区别。
1. one day可指过去或将来，即可用于过去时或将来时。
例句
One day the temperature was 30℃. 
有一天温度达到30摄氏度。
One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday. 
总有一天人们可以到月球上去度假。
2. some day通常只指将来，即只用于将来时态。
例句
We’re all going to be old some day. 
总有一天我们都会老的。
注：有时虽然不是将来时态，但句子意思表示的是将来意义。
例句
You’re sure to regret one day. 
你准有一天会后悔。
另外，在特定语境中，some day有时可指过去将来时。
例句
I never realized that some day I would be living in China. 
我从未想到将来有一天会在中国居住。
 
十一个月之后，他们有了孩子，于是开始了吵架。
Eleven months later, they had a baby and began to lead a cat-and-dog life.
🎈「吵架」译作lead a cat-and-dog life，a cat-and-dog life英语固定表达，常指生活中吵吵闹闹，尤其夫妻之间的日常争吵。
 
丈夫建议和另外一对夫妇交换行乐，她同意了。
And when the husband suggested swapping wives with another man for pleasure, she agreed. 
🎈Swap是「交换」的意思，swapping wives即「换妻」
 
于是两夫妻加入了一个俱乐部，和别的几对夫妇交换睡觉。
And they joined a club where male members could have sex with each other’s wife.
🎈此句译文注意两点：一是用where引导定从，对前后进行衔接；二是“交换睡觉”直接译出其内在含义have sex，而非单纯的sleep。
 
最后，丈夫建议要她和另一个男人的妻子对调，可是她不喜欢那个男子，于是写信给安澜德，问她该怎么办。
Then it happened that she refused to go to bed with a man chosen by her husband because he was not to her liking. She then wrote to Landers for advice.
🎈to one’s liking是「称某人的心意或合某人的胃口」，根据上下文这个翻译远比仅用like要贴切。
 
一个女人，和一个没有钱的男子结婚，她做工赚钱来供给丈夫读大学。
An American girl married a poor man and managed to see him through college with money she earned by manual work.
🎈「做工赚钱来供给丈夫读大学」译为managed to see him through college with money she earned by manual work，managed to （勉强能够…，好不容易…）增强了这个女人打工赚钱的不易。See one’s through…固定搭配，指「帮助某人渡过或通过…」。「做工」译作manual work（体力活儿，苦工），更体现了女人的辛苦不易。
🎈manual  人力的，体力的，手工的
mutual  相互的，彼此的
 
现在，结婚已十八年，有了三个孩子。丈夫有钱了，她为了主持家务，不出去工作了。
After 18 years of married life, they had three kids. Now the husband has become better off and she, instead of going out to work, stays home to keep house.
🎈「有钱了」译作become better off ，better off固定词组是「生活改善或物质充足富裕」的意思。
🎈Instead of是增译，使得译文更加流畅。instead of后面一般接名词、代词、动名词或介词短语作它的宾语。其可以独立构成短语作状语、同位语以及其他平行结构，语义明确
例句
Instead of abating, the wind is blowing even harder.
风不但没停，反而越刮越大了。
🎈操持家务keep house
 
于是她出去理发一次，丈夫就三天不和她说话，理由是：她没有工作，所以没有任何权利。
Every time, however, when she goes out to have her hair done at a hairdresser’s, the man will be glum and silent for three days. The reason is, she is jobless and therefore has no right for a hairdo at his expense. 
🎈此句原文的「于是」译作however。如果译成therefore，会出现表意错误。结合上一句「女人为了顾家，放弃了工作」，其与此处的「因理发就遭受丈夫冷暴力」很明显不是因果关系。这个例子也给看推送的大家提个醒儿，这种社会现象一直存在，不论男女，做决定前请考虑清楚。
🎈「三天不说话」译作be glum and silent for three days，远比don’t talk…要译的饱满，因为原文的这句表达实则想表达丈夫be glum（阴郁）的心情，然后通过silent（沉默）来表达给妻子看，而并非简单「说话」一个动作。
 
她写信给安澜德，问：“作为一个没有工作的妻子和母亲，我有什么权利呢？”
So she wrote to Landers with this question, “What right have I as a jobless wife and mother?”
🎈with this question中with表示「附带…」的状态。
🎈What right have I as a jobless wife and mother?→（改）What right do I have as a jobless wife and mother?
 
以上是摘录了两件关于男女关系的读者来信，安澜德都作了答复，指导他们应如何处理。
Landers wrote back to each of the two women, telling them how to best deal with the situations. 
🎈「以上是摘录了两件关于男女关系的读者来信」译出反而显得译文啰嗦，读者心里都知道上面提到的是「两件关于男女关系的读者来信」，无需再次译出。
🎈telling them…做伴随状语。
 
不过有时安澜德无法从正面回答，只好说几句俏皮话、幽默话，却又引起读者更多的来信。
But sometimes, unable to give a direct answer in her reply, she would instead resort to some witty or humorous remarks, thus generating even more letters from readers.
🎈「从正面回答」即「直接回答（问题）」，译作give a direct answer
🎈resort to是「借助，诉诸」的意思，这里是指无法正面回答读者问题所以借助开玩笑的方式避开。
🎈thus generating even more letters from readers是结果状语。其中，thus是副词。
 
美国青年对于恋爱和结婚的态度，极不严肃。
American young people often show a devil-may-care attitude towards problems of love and marriage.
🎈「极不严肃」译为a devil-may-care attitude，a devil-may-care attitude英文固定表达指「漫不经心，满不在乎（的态度）」
有一封读者来信报道的一个信息：有一个五年级的小学生，作语文练习，老师命题的要求是解释什么叫“单调”。小学生写道：“在美国，一个男人只能有一个妻子，这就叫单调。”
A reader wrote to tell the following little story. A fifth-grade pupil wrote in a composition on “monotony”, a subject assigned by the teacher, “In America every man is supposed to have only one wife. That’s what we mean by monotony.”
🎈此处「信息」根据上下文译为story，更符合情景。
夏衍《野草》
有这样一个故事也可译作
there is such a story that…
庐隐《恋爱不是游戏》
哀哉O what a sad story!
吴冠中《绿衣姑娘》
我住的是最后院的最后两间平房，后墙外是一条小小的胡同… 
…I live in a one-story two-room house in the rearmost backyard backed by a small lane.
柯灵《巷》
有自己的一本哀乐帐，一部兴衰史
…has its own covered-up story of joys and sorrows, and rise and decline…
何为《第二次考试》
这就是全部经过。
That was the whole story.
 
🔥必背词汇
carry       v.(报纸、海报)登载，刊登，印有
英义
If a newspaper or poster carries a picture or a piece of writing, it contains it or displays it. 
例句
Several papers carry the photograph of Mr Anderson.
好几份报纸都刊登了安德森先生的照片。
 
knotty       adj.复杂的，难以解决的，棘手的
英义
A knotty problem is complicated and difficult to solve. 
例句
The new management team faces some knotty problems.
新的管理团队面临一些棘手的问题。
 
mirror        v.反映，再现，与…相似
英义
If something mirrors something else, it has similar features to it, and therefore seems like a copy or representation of it.
例句
The book inevitably mirrors my own interests and experiences.
这本书不可避免地反映出我个人的喜好与经历。
 
compile      v.汇编，编制，编纂
英义
When you compile something such as a report, book, or programme, you produce it by collecting and putting together many pieces of information. 
例句
The book took 10 years to compile.
编这本书花了10年时间。
 
column      cn. (报纸或杂志的)专栏
英义
In a newspaper or magazine, a column is a section that is always written by the same person or is always about the same topic.
例句
She also writes a regular column for the Times Educational Supplement.
她也定期为《泰晤士报高等教育增刊》写专栏文章。
 
correspondence        un.往来书信
英义
Some-one’s correspondence is the letters that they receive or send.
例句
He always replied to his correspondence.
来信他总是会回。
 
appear       v.书籍等出版，发表，问世
英义
When something such as a book appears, it is published or becomes available for people to buy.
例句
I could hardly wait for ‘Boys’ World’ to appear each month.
每个月我都翘首期盼着《男孩世界》的出版。
 
🔥重点表达
近来           of late 
疑难问题       knotty problems 
喜欢           be fond of…
反映了…的生活  mirror the life of…
各色市民       people of all descriptions
也有         The same is true of 
特辟专栏     set up special columns 
极受…欢迎    popular with…
畅销一时    selling like hot cakes
成语俗字    idioms and colloquialisms
编入字典    compiled into dictionaries
突出的事例  striking examples
以广见闻    for the information
以资谈助    for chit-chat
以资警惕    put …on the alert
吵架      a cat-and-dog life
称…的心意 to one’s liking
帮助某人完成/渡过… See one’s through…
有钱了  become better off
三天不说话  be glum and silent for three days
从正面回答 give a direct answer
俏皮话    witty remarks
极不严肃  a devil-may-care attitude
 
🔥复盘测试
近来             
疑难问题         
喜欢           
反映了…的生活    
各色市民          
也有              
特辟专栏         
极受…欢迎   
畅销一时       
成语俗字      
编入字典           
突出的事例   
以广见闻      
以资谈助    
以资警惕     
吵架     
称…的心意   
帮助某人完成/渡过… 
有钱了                 
三天不说话                 
从正面回答    
俏皮话     
极不严肃
 
🔥表达对比
「吵架」有几种表达？
十一个月之后，他们有了孩子，于是开始了（吵架）。
Eleven months later, they had a baby and began to lead a cat-and-dog life.
（吵架）啦! 唉, 又吵架啦! 天呀, 又吵架啦! 你们吵吧! 
A row! arrah a row! The Virgin be blessed, a row! Plunge in with ye!
如果我跟她谈，那就会（吵架）。 
If I talked to her about it there would be an argument.
我又和妈妈（吵架）了，鲍里斯。 
Mon and I got in another fight, Boris.
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