From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea.17世纪瑞典帝国1628年流传至今的故事，一艘大帆船在处女航时就沉没了，无疑是航海史上最离奇的事件。🎈From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden是时间状语。定语从句that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628修饰a galleon。🎈empire 帝国→ emperor/ empress帝王/帝后[面积最大]kingdom王国→ king /queen国王/ 王后[面积不如empire大]city-state 城邦→prince/ princess诸侯王/诸侯王后[由城市构成，常由kingdom管控]🎈galleon n. （15至17世纪的）西班牙大帆船a large sailing ship used mainly by the Spanish from the 15th to the 17th century 🎈maiden n. 少女，未婚女子首航/处女作maiden voyage / flight / work …= first voyage / flight / work …处女地/林（未被开垦的土地/森林）virgin land / forest …🎈tale n. 故事，传奇a story, esp. one which might be invented or difficult to believe For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956.这艘大船在斯德哥尔摩港口的海底躺了将近3个半世纪之后，直到1956年才被发现。🎈For nearly three and a half centuries和until her discovery in 1956都是地点状语。🎈指 车、船、祖国时常用 she例句What’s wrong with my car? She won’t start.我的车出什么问题了？它启动不了。China has done what she promised to do.中国已经完成了其承诺要做的事。🎈单词辨析：v.位于 lie -lay -lainv.放置；下蛋lay -laid -laid🎈“被发现”until her discovery：使用了名词结构。再看两个这样的例子：例句在将近两个半小时里她躺在血泊之中，直到上午八点<被人发现>。For nearly two and a half hours she lay in a pool of blood until her discover at 8 o’c ock a.m.例句在一个多世纪的时间里中国人民生活在半殖民地半封建社会，直到1949年中华人民共和国<成立>。For more than a century the Chinese people lived in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society until the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.这就是“瓦萨”号，帝国大舰的皇家旗舰。🎈royal flagship of the great imperial fleet是the Vasa的同位语。royal flagship前的冠词the可有可无，因为flagship本就是独一无二的东西。同理，我们可以直接说(the) President of the United States“美国总统”和(the) caption of the team “队长”。🎈 the Vasa：船只名称前常加冠词the。例句泰坦尼克号的沉没the loss of the Titanic🎈flagship n.旗舰，旗舰店🎈fleet n.舰队group of warships, submarines, etc. under one commanderKing Gustavus Adolphus ‘The Northern Hurricane’, then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years’ War, had dictated her measurements and armament.当时号称“北方飓风”的国王古斯夫斯•阿道尔弗正处在“三十年战争”的军事鼎盛阶段，他亲自规定了这艘船的规模和武器配备。🎈Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632) king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power; his domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state; in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years’ War and was killed in the battle of Lützen.🎈Thirty Years’ War（“三十年战争”）: A series of wars in central Europe beginning in 1618 that stemmed from（起源于） conflict between Protestants（新教徒） and Catholics（天主教徒） and political struggles（政治冲突） between the Holy Roman Empire and other powers. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).🎈在…鼎盛时期be at the height of …在某人最成功/出名的时候be at the height of one’s success / fame 在某人权力巅峰be at the height of powers 例句The Beatles were at the height of their fame.🎈dictate v. 指定to give orders, or state sth. exactly, with total authority ；口授例句The UN will dictate the terms of troop withdrawal from the region.联合国将指定从该地区撤军的截止日期。🎈measurement n. [C, usually pl.] 尺寸the length, height etc of something 例句Take measurements of the room before you buy any new furniture.买新家具之前要测量房间的尺寸。🎈armament [U] 武装process of equipping military forces for war Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze cannon. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden.3层的火炮甲板上装着64门青铜加农炮，目的就是要在不断增长的瑞典势力中起主导作用。🎈mount v. 将某物固定住（以备使用、展示或研究）to fix sth. into position on sth., so that you can use it, look at it or study it 将…固定在/装在…上 mount sth. (on / onto / in sth.)被固定在墙上的风扇a wall-mounted electric fan例句The specimens were mounted on slides.标本被固定在了载玻片上。The diamond is mounted in gold.黄金里镶着一颗钻。🎈辨析brass和bronze、copper（颜色上有区别）1、copper是纯铜，俗称红铜或者紫铜，古时候用的铜钱就是copper。cop这个词就是copper的简称，因为从前警察的制服用的是铜扣，copper button，所以人们就用copper来指代警察），copper指“铜”时通常不强调颜色2、bronze，意为青铜，像古文物中的青铜器、青铜车马，就是bronze ware。3、brass为黄铜，颜色为浅黄色。🎈cannon n. [复数cannon或cannons均可] （发射实心金属炮弹的旧式）大炮a large heavy powerful gun that was used in the past to fire heavy metal balls 🎈intended adj. 为了…而计划或设计的planned or designed for a particular purpose or person 为了… be intended for … / to do …例句The book is intended for children.这本书是为了儿童写的。As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August 10,1628, Stockholm was in a ferment.1628年8月10日，“瓦萨”号准备首航时，斯德哥尔摩一片欢腾。🎈As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August是时间状从，其中on August是从句中的时间状语。🎈ferment n. [U, sing.] 激动不宁，动荡不安a situation of great excitement or trouble in a country, especially caused by political change 例句The whole country has been in a state of political ferment for some months.几个月来，整个国家处于政治动荡状态。From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind.人们从斯开波斯布朗和周围的岛屿前来观看这艘美丽的战船扬帆起航，乘风前进。🎈thing of beauty = beautiful thingof significance= significant🎈扬帆 spread sails满帆（状态）in full sail (= with all its sails spread)例句A ship with all of its sails spread is a gallant sight.升/降帆hoist / lower the sails启航，扬帆远航set sail🎈兜住风catch the wind 例句The sails are torn; they won’t catch the wind.帆破了，兜不住风。You cannot catch the wind in a net.你用网是兜不住风的。They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship. 瑞典人辛辛苦苦干了3年才建成这件水上艺术品，它比以往任何船只雕刻得都更加精美，装饰得都更加华丽。🎈for three years是时间状语，to produce this floating work of art是目的状语。🎈labour / labor v. 努力工作to work hard例句Five generations of his family have labored as fishermen.他家里五代人都从事渔业。Three hours after the explosion, rescue teams were still laboring to free those trapped.爆炸发生三个小时后，救援队伍仍在努力解救受困者。🎈艺术品，工艺品 work of art n. 1. a painting, statue, etc.例句A number of priceless works of art were stolen from the gallery.画廊里大量无价的艺术品遭窃。n. 2. something that is attractive and skillfully made例句The bride’s dress was a work of art.新娘的婚纱是一件艺术品。🎈richly adv. 装饰精美地，华美地，华丽地if something is richly decorated, it is decorated a lot, in a way that is beautiful雕刻精美的天花板a richly carved ceiling 雕刻精美的桌子a table richly ornamented with carvings 饰有精美刺绣的的斗篷a cloak richly embroidered with gold thread The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with red and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day. 高耸的船楼上雕刻了令人眼花缭乱的神仙、妖魔、骑士、国王、武士、美人鱼和小天使，还有用红色、金黄色、蓝色绘制的光彩夺目的兽形图案，象征着勇敢、力量和残暴，以激起当时崇尚迷信的水手们的想象。🎈symbols of courage, power, and cruelty作red and gold and blue的同位语。🎈充满了，充斥着be a riot of sth. (fml.) be full of a collection of a lot of different types of the same thing 例句The garden was a riot of colour.The market was a riot of unfamiliar sounds and smells.🎈ablaze adj. 1. 熊熊燃烧的burning strongly with a lot of flames 例句Within minutes the whole house was ablaze.几分钟内，整栋房子处于一片火海之中。ablaze adj. 2. 光鲜的，明艳的 very bright or colorful ablaze with …例句Her yard was ablaze with summer flowers. 她的院子里开满了各色夏花。The trees were ablaze with the colors of autumn. 树上满是秋天的颜色。🎈symbol of … ……的象征、标志例句The dove is a symbol of peace.The lion is the symbol of courage.The cross（十字架） is the symbol of Christianity（基督教）.🎈portray v. （以绘画或文字）描绘to show sb./sth. in a picture; to describe sb./sth. in a piece of writing 例句The painting portrays the duke’s third wife公爵的第三任妻子.His war poetry vividly portrays life in the trenches（战壕）.Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply.这时，停泊在港口的其他战船向“瓦萨”号鸣炮致礼，“瓦萨”号也鸣炮回礼。🎈the cannons是主语，of the anchored warships是cannons的后置定语。定从中fired后省略了主句中出现的成分，相当于fire a salute。fire和thunder属于表达替换。🎈anchor vt./vi. 停泊例句We anchored (our boat) close to the shore.我们把船停在了河岸附近。🎈 a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply：如果关系代词作介词的宾语，要把介词放在关系代词前。例句哨兵 (sentry) 向我们敬礼，我们挥手 (wave) 还礼。The sentry gave us a salute to which we waved in reply.As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennants waving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold or her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before.当“瓦萨”号从弥漫的礼炮烟云中出现时，船头下浪花加溅，舰旗迎风招展，三角旗随风飘动， 微风鼓起风帆，金碧辉煌的船楼闪耀着灿烂的色彩。它展现的壮观景象是斯德哥尔摩人从未见过的。🎈As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with …ablaze with colour整个都做时间状语，其中with后是几个独立主格的并列。than Stockholmers had ever seen before引导比较状从。🎈drift v. 漂流，飘移to move slowly on water or in the air 例句The boat drifted down the river.船只沿河漂流而下。🎈cloud n. 烟云，烟尘a large amount of smoke, dust, steam, etc. in the air 烟云/烟尘cloud of dust / smoke / gas …例句The hens darted away on all sides, raising a cloud of dust.母鸡到处跑动，激起了一地灰尘。🎈churn (up) vt./vi. 翻滚，翻腾，汹涌奔腾if water, mud etc churns, or if something churns it, it moves about violently 例句The water churned beneath the huge ship.巨轮下方海水翻滚。The sea was churned up by heavy winds.大风是大海汹涌奔腾。🎈foam n. [U] 泡沫a mass of very small air bubbles on the surface of a liquid 一杯浮着一层泡沫的啤酒a glass of beer with a good head of foam例句The breaking waves left the beach covered with foam.🎈pennant n. （船上用作信号或识别标志的）长三角旗long narrow flag tapering to a point, used on a ship for signaling or as identification 🎈fill v. become full 充满例句The hall soon filled.The sails filled with wind.🎈superstructure n. 甲板上部结构，船楼the structural part of a ship above the main deck ；【经】上层建筑All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them. 船上的炮眼开着，炮口虎视眈眈地向外窥视着。🎈gunport / gun-port n. 战舰上的炮门，炮眼🎈muzzle n. 枪口，炮口open end of a firearm, out of which the bullets, etc come 🎈peep v. 窥视，窥探to look at something quickly and secretly, especially through a hole or opening 例句We caught her peeping through the keyhole.我们抓到她正在透过锁眼偷窥。As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port.当风力增强时，突然刮来一阵大风，“瓦萨”号奇怪地摇晃了一下，便向左舷倾斜。🎈listing to port非谓语动词作结果状语。🎈freshen v. （指风）变得强而凉(of the wind) become strong and cool 转凉的吹向岸边的微风a freshening onshore breeze例句The wind will freshen tonight.今晚风会转凉。🎈非be动词的存在句型 existentia sentences with ver s other than ‘ e’there常与be动词之外的不及物动词 (come, go, arrive, follow, rise, exist, appear, remain, live, lie, stand, happen, occur等等) 构成存在句，以突出句末的主语。例句There came to his mind her beautiful face.There remains nothing more to be done.There followed an uncomfortable silence.There rose in his imagination visions of a world empire.Not long after this, there occurred a sudden revolution in public taste.Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my direction.🎈动词名词化：discover …→make a discover of …describe …→make a description of …investigate …→make an investigation of …summarize …→make a summar of …analyze …→make an analysis of …contribute to …→make contributions to …emphasize / stress …→lay / put emphasis / stress on …understand …→have a understanding of …consider …→give consideration to …object to …→have an objection to …🎈list v. （指船）倾侧(of a ship) lean over to one side 例句The ship lists to port.船倾向左舷。The damaged vessel was listing badly.损坏的船只严重倾斜。The Ordnance officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list but the steepening angle of the decks increased.炮长命令把左舷上所有大炮搬到右舷上来以抵消船的倾斜，但甲板的倾斜度仍在增加。🎈ordnance n. [U] 大炮large guns with wheels Ordnance Officer n. 炮长，司炮🎈heave v. 用力推、拖拽或提升重物to push, pull, or lift a heavy object using a lot of effort 例句Alan heaved his suitcase onto his bed.🎈counteract v. 对抗，抵消to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has the opposite effect 例句These exercises aim to counteract the effects of stress and tension.这些运动是为了抵消压力和紧张（对身体）的影响。🎈steepen v. 使更陡峭to become or to make sth. become steeper 例句After a couple of miles, the slope steepened considerably.几英里之后，坡陡峭了不少。Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship.然后岸上的观众听到了雷鸣般的轰响。当物口、压舱物、弹药和400个人轰地一声滑向陡斜的左舷时。🎈as cargo,…listing ship整个是原因状从。🎈rumble v. make a deep heavy continuous sound 发出持续的低沉的声音远处雷声轰隆thunder rumbling in the distance 例句The machine rumbled as it started up.机器启动时隆隆作响I’m so hungry my stomach’s rumbling.我饿得肚子咕咕叫。🎈该句相当于Then the watchers on the shore heard the sound of rum in thunder, …，但这样写句子重心就发生了偏移，强调对象就从the sound变成了the watchers。我们在平时写作中也可以学习这种句型，E.g. We heard of the news that Beijing had won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games.→The news came to us that Beijing had won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games.🎈cargo n. [U and C] （船或飞机上的）货物the goods that are being carried in a ship or plane 🎈ballast n. [U] （船中用以保持平稳的）压舱物heavy material that is carried by a ship to make it more steady in the water 🎈ammunition n. [U] 弹药supply of bullets, bombs, grenades, etc fired from weapons or thrown 🎈以某种方式移动go doing: to move in a particular way 可以把该结构中的doing理解为方式状语例句The plate went crashing to the floor.碟子咣当一声摔在了地上。The train went chugging up the hill.火车吭哧吭哧上了山。She went sobbing up the stairs.她抽抽搭搭地上了楼。Chairs and tables went flying in the street.桌椅飞一般地落到了街上。The lower gun-ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship’s fate.下层炮眼已淹没在水里，涌进船舱的水给“瓦萨”号带来了难以逃脱的厄运。🎈 inrush n. [C usually singular] （水或空气的）涌入an occasion when sth. such as water or air enters a place quickly 空气/水流的涌入an inrush of air / water例句The inrush of fresh air filled the room.新鲜空气涌入，充满整个房间。🎈注定了……的厄运，使……在劫难逃sea s ’s fate / seal the fate of sb例句The discovery of new evidence sealed his fate. 新证据的发现注定了他的命运走向。The outbreak of war sealed the government’s fate.战争爆发决定了政府的命运。In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying-in the harbour of her birth.就这样，想要统治波罗的海的大型战舰“瓦萨”号，在它壮丽的起航时刻，带着全身飘扬的彩旗，沉没在了它诞生的港口。🎈In that first glorious hour是时间状语。with all flags flying-in the harbour of her birth作伴随状语。🎈birth n. the time when something new starts to exist（新事物的）诞生一个国家的诞生the birth of a nation例句The film gave birth to a TV show of the same name.这部电影衍生出了一部同名电视剧。🔥必背词汇imperial adj. 帝国的，帝王的，皇帝的皇室the imperial family故宫the Imperial Palaceimperialism n. 帝国主义帝国主义时代the age of imperialismimperialist n. 帝国主义者 adj. 帝国主义的例句The developed nations have all benefited from their imperialist exploitation. 所有发达国家都从帝国主义的剥削中受益。All the imperialist schemes and intrigues are doomed to failure. 所有帝国主义的阴谋诡计都注定会失败。hurricane n.（大西洋西海岸的）飓风a violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western Atlantic Oceantyphoon n.（太平洋西海岸的）台风cyclone n. 特大的破坏性的暴风squall n. 突然刮起的狂风tornado n. 龙卷风dust devil n. 小规模的尘暴，尘旋风blizzard n. 特大暴风雪snowstorm n. 暴风雪thunderstorm n. 大雷雨，雷暴windstorm n. 风暴sandstorm n. 沙尘暴might n. [U]力量，威力，权力军事力量the military might 用尽全身力气with all one’s might mighty adj.强大的，有力的，宏伟壮观的例句Even a mighty express train can be held up by signals.almighty adj. 全能的全能的上帝God Almighty / Almighty Godzoomorphic adj. 动物形状的，兽形的一尊动物形状的神a zoomorphic deity【词根】zoo= animal+ morph=form+ iczoo n. 动物学zoological adj. 动物学的amorphous adj. 无定形的metamorphosis n. 变形polymorphous adj. 多种形态的majestic adj. 宏伟的，壮观的，壮丽的例句The great ship looked majestic in her new colours.这艘巨轮新上色后看起来非常壮观。【词根】maj / max reatmajesty n. 威严，庄严；陛下majestic adj. 宏伟的，壮观的，壮丽的major adj. 主要的，重要的，重大的majority n. 大多数maxim n. 格言maximal adj. 最大的maximum adj. 最大的 n. 最大量，最大值cllimax n. 顶点，高潮anticlimax n. 突降，虎头蛇尾，令人失望的结局port n.[U]（船或飞行器的）左舷朝向左舷to port例句The plane tilted to port.飞机歪向左舷。The ship was leaning over to port.轮船向左舷歪斜。【补充】port 左舷 starboard 右舷rudder 舵 anchor 锚mast 桅杆 deck 甲板hull 船体 cabin 船舱bow 船头 stern 船尾🔥重点表达皇室the imperial family故宫the Imperial Palace帝国主义时代the age of imperialism军事力量the military might 用尽全身力气with all one’s might 全能的上帝God Almighty / Almighty God朝向左舷to port首航/处女座maiden voyage / flight / work …= first voyage / flight / work …处女地/林（未被开垦的土地/森林）virgin land / forest …在…鼎盛时期be at the height of …在某人最成功/出名的时候be at the height of one’s success / fame 在某人权力巅峰be at the height ofpowers 将…固定在/装在…上 mount sth. (on / onto / in sth.)被固定在墙上的风扇a wall-mounted electric fan扬帆 spread sails满帆（状态）in full sail (= with all its sails spread)升/降帆hoist / lower the sails启航，扬帆远航set sail兜住风catch the wind 艺术品，工艺品 work of art饰有精美刺绣的的斗篷a cloak richly embroidered with gold thread 充满了，充斥着be a riot of sth.……的象征、标志symbol of …鸣礼炮fire / thunder a salute敬礼/答礼give / return a salute作为对…的回应in reply / response to sth.烟云/烟尘cloud of dust / smoke / gas …转凉的吹向岸边的微风a freshening onshore breeze炮长，司炮Ordnance Officer 远处雷声轰隆thunder rumbling in the distance 以某种方式移动go doing空气/水流的涌入an inrush of air / water注定了……的厄运，使……在劫难逃sea s ’s fate / seal the fate of sb一个国家的诞生the birth of a nation🔥复盘测试皇室故宫帝国主义时代军事力量用尽全身力气全能的上帝朝向左舷首航/处女作处女地/林（未被开垦的土地/森林）在…鼎盛时期在某人最成功/出名的时候 在某人权力巅峰将…固定在/装在…上 被固定在墙上的风扇扬帆满帆（状态）升/降帆启航，扬帆远航兜住风艺术品，工艺品饰有精美刺绣的的斗篷充满了，充斥着……的象征、标志鸣礼炮敬礼/答礼作为对…的回应烟云/烟尘转凉的吹向岸边的微风炮长，司炮远处雷声轰隆以某种方式移动空气/水流的涌入注定了……的厄运，使……在劫难逃一个国家的诞生
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