Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with industrial or farm waste.水源的污染通常是由于接近水源的地方卫生条件太差而造成的：污水排入水源，污水泄漏到给水系统，或工农业污水造成污染。🎈leakage n. [U and C] 泄露when gas, water etc. leaks in or out, or the amount of it that has leaked （表达“几次泄露”时可数，表示“泄露”本身时不可数）🎈distribution system n. 配水系统，配水管网 ；配电系统🎈with industrial or farm waste 表示原因：with prep. because of 因为例句She was shivering with cold. 她冻得浑身发抖。Anna was scarcely able to stand with exhaustion.安娜累的几乎要站不住了。🎈waste n. [U]垃圾，废料家庭垃圾/工业垃圾/化学废料household / industrial / chemical wasteEven if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.即使管道供水系统在水源处安全的，等水到达龙头时就不一定总是安全的了。🎈pipe v.用管道输送to send a liquid or gas through a pipe to another place没有管道传水的村庄villages with no piped water例句Eighty per cent of sewage is piped directly into the sea.百分之八十的污水直接排进了大海。🎈by the time it reaches the tap意同… by the time when / that / at which it reaches the tap，这几种用法都正确。Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.断断续续的水管应该被视为是非常可疑的。🎈suspect adj.可疑的 =suspiciousTravellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source.短途旅行到水质不保险的地区时，应避免饮用水龙头的水或未经处理任何其他来源的水。🎈…质量的… …of … quality头等质量的商品goods of the highest quality质量差劲/贫瘠的土地the land was of poor quality质量参差不齐的照片photos are of variable quality🎈untreated adj. 1.未处理的2.未治疗的未经处理的水/污水/废料 untreated water / sewage / waste未经治疗的疾病/抑郁症untreated illness / disease / depression例句This condition may become permanent if left untreated. 这种病如果一直不治疗就会发展成长期的。It is best to keep to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names- international standard of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants.最好仅饮用开水，名牌瓶装或罐装水——装瓶厂通常遵循国际水处理的标准。🎈最好…/…是明智的 it is best (= It is wise) to do sth.例句It’s best to go by bus.最好坐公共汽车去。🎈坚持，遵守，不放弃，不偏离keep to = stick to 例句Keep to the speed limits.遵循速度限制。🎈bottled adj. 瓶装售卖的sold in a bottle canned adj. (Br.E .also tinned) (of food) 罐装的preserved in a can 瓶装啤酒/瓶装水bottled beer / water罐装食品canned food🎈brand name n. [C] 商标名称= trade name 🎈…的标准 standard(s) of…遵循…的标准follow … standard(s)拥有…（好/高）标准have / boast / enjoy … standard(s)设立/设定…标准 define / establish / set … standard(s)达到…标准/达标 achieve / meet / reach … standard(s)未达…标准/不达标 fall short of … standard(s)提高/降低…标准raise / lower … standard(s)保持…标准 maintain / sustain … standard(s)🎈bottling plant n.（饮料）灌瓶厂a plant where beverages are put into bottles with caps Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer. 碳酸饮料是酸性的，就更安全一些。🎈carbonated adj. 含二氧化碳的，起泡的(of a drink) containing small bubbles of carbon dioxide 碳酸饮料carbonated drinks起泡的矿泉水carbonated mineral watercarbonate v. 给（例如饮料）充二氧化碳气体to charge (a beverage, for example) with carbon dioxide gas carbon n. 碳carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide 一氧化碳🎈acidic adj. contain acid 酸性的酸土acidic soil例句Dissolved carbon dioxide makes the water more acidic. 溶解了的二氧化碳会使水更具酸性。Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry.确保瓶子是当你面开启的，瓶口清洁干燥。🎈把that从句当作形容词sure的补足语。🎈presence n. [U] 出席，在场being present in a place absence n. [C] /[U] 缺席，不在场being away 在某人在场的情况下 in sb.’s presence/ in the presence of sb.在某人不在场的情况下 in / during sb.’s absence或in / during the absence of sb.例句In the absence of any evidence, the police had to let Myers go.因为缺乏证据，警方只能释放Myers。Boiling is always a good way of treating water.烧开一直是水处理的一种好办法。🎈（做）…的方式 way of doing sth. / way to do sth.例句Is there any way of contacting you while you’re in Africa? 你在非洲时有联系到你的方式吗？What’s the best way to learn a language?学习一门语言最好的方法是什么？Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth.有的酒店根据要求可提供开水，这些开水可用于饮用和刷牙。🎈滚开的水boiling water 开水boiled water 🎈一经要求on reques t[=when asked for] 应某人之请求at sb.’s request / at the request of sb. [=because of sb.’s wish]例句Further details will be sent on request. 有要求的话，我们可以提供进一步的细节。🎈用…来做…1 use sth. for (doing) sth.2 use sth. as sth.3 use sth. to do sth.Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available.如果有相配的电压，可以煮少量水的便携式热水装置是有用的。🎈portable adj. 便携式的able to be carried or moved easily portability n. [U] 便携性便携式电脑a portable computer例句The advantage of the smaller model is its greater portability.更小型号的优点是更大的便携性。🎈element n. [C] 电阻丝（电壶等供热的部分）part of an electric kettle, etc. that gives out heat Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source.应谢绝任何不明来源的冷饮。🎈from an unknown source是cold drink的后置定语。Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe.冰块只有当制造冰块的水安全时才是保险的，只有知道冰块安全时才能加入饮料。🎈知道…（如何）know … to do sth.例句We know her to be honest.我们知道他是诚实的。据知… be known to do sth.例句Two women are known to have died.Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them.可以把饮料置于冰块之上来冷却，而不是把冰块加进饮料之中。🎈rather than：1 rather than常译为“而不是”，其词性比较灵活，在后面跟动名词短语时，一般视为介词。例句She was angry rather than being pleased.We ought to check up, rather than just accepting what he says.2 rather than后不加动名词时一般将其视为“准并列连词”，用于连接词性相同的词项。例句She telephoned rather than wrote.John ought to go rather than Jean.He is to be pitied rather than to be disliked.I’m going to forget the whole affair, rather than cause trouble.Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water.酒精可能是医学上的消毒剂，但决不可用来消毒饮用水。🎈alcohol n. 1. [U] 酒精，乙醇= ethanol血液中的酒精含量 levels of alcohol in the blood例句Wine usually contains about 10% alcohol.葡萄酒中通常含10%的酒精。Choose an alcohol-free skin toner if you have dry skin.如果你是干皮的话，选择不含酒精的爽肤水。alcohol n. 2. [U]含酒精的饮料，酒禁止售酒prohibit the sale of alcohol例句I never touch alcohol.我从不碰酒。For many young people drinking alcohol is a sign of ‘growing up’.对很多年轻人来说，喝酒是“长大”的标志。🎈sterilize v. 1.消毒2.使绝育例句Sterilize the bottles with boiling water.用滚开的水给瓶子消毒。My wife was sterilized after the birth of her fourth child.我妻子在生完第四个孩子之后做了绝育手术。Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 percent; below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible.乙醇的浓度为50%至70%时比较有效，浓度低于20%时，杀菌能力基本上就不存在了。🎈concentration n. [C] the amount of a substance contained in a liquid 浓度例句High concentrations of toxic elements were found in the polluted areas of the sea.被污染的海域中发现有高浓度的有害元素。🎈杀菌作用，杀菌效果 bactericidal action 🎈action n.作用，效果，影响the effect that a substance, esp. a chemical, has on sth.…对…的影响 the action of … on …例句酒精对肝脏的影响the action of alcohol on the liver特定化学物质对大脑的影响 the action of certain chemicals on the brain🎈negligible adj. 微不足道的of very little importance or size and not worth considering = insignificant 微量，一丁点儿 a negligible amountSpirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol. 强度标为95的酒中含有47%的酒精。🎈spirit n. [C usually plural] 烈性酒a strong alcoholic drink such as whisky or brandy 例句I don’t drink spirits.我不喝烈酒。Whisky, brandy and rum are all spirits. 威士忌、白兰地和朗姆酒都是烈酒。🎈label v. 给（某事物）加标签或标记to attach a label onto sth. or write information on sth. 例句The file was labelled ‘Top Secret’.文件被标为“顶级机密”。🎈proof n. 酒的度数a measurement of the strength of some types of alcoholic drink, esp. spirits 注：英美计算酒精度数的方式有所不同(Br.E.) 70% proof vodka ( = that contains 70% pure alcohol)(Am.E.) 70 proof vodka ( = that contains 35% pure alcohol)Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous and should never be added to drinking water.要提防甲基化酒精，那是剧毒的，永远不能掺入饮用水。🎈beware adj. (used only in the infinitive and imperative 仅用于不定式及祈使句)当心，提防当心，提防… beware of (doing) sth.例句Beware of saying anything that might reveal where you live.当心，不要说出任何可能暴露你位置的信息。If no other safe water supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink.如果没有其他安全的饮用水可用，水管中流出的烫手的水可以留下来冷却，这种水一般是安全的。🎈把/让…置于…（的状态） leave sth. to do sth.例句Leave the rice to cook for 20 minutes.让米饭蒸20分钟。Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe.那些计划去偏远地区旅行，或在饮用水不易获得的国家居住的人，应该知道如何使水适于饮用的各种办法。🎈remote adj.偏远的，与世隔绝的= isolated一个偏远的边陲小镇a remote border town🎈容易得到的 easily / readily available / obtainable例句Parking is readily available near the station entrance.车站口附近很容易停车。🎈对于……熟悉，通晓，懂行 knows about sth.🎈（做）…的方法 method for / of (doing) sth.储存和检索信息的有效方法 effective methods for the storage and retrieval of information🔥必背词汇contamination n. 污染contaminate v.污染contaminant n. 1[C] (fml.)污染物；2[U]污染一条被化学物质污染的小河a river contaminated by chemicals毒害年轻人的心灵contaminate the minds of young people放射性污染radioactive contaminationsanitation n. [U] 卫生系统或设备sanitary adj.清洁卫生的= hygienic因卫生系统糟糕导致的疾病disease resulting from poor/inadequate sanitation例句The hut had no cooking or sanitary facilities.小屋里没有做饭和上厕所的地方。【词根】“san” = whole（健全的）sane adj. 神智正常的；明智的sanity n. 神智正常；明智insane adj. 精神失常的，疯狂的，愚蠢的insanity n. 精神失常，疯狂，愚蠢sanitary adj. 清洁卫生的insanitary adj. 不卫生的sanitation n. 卫生系统或设备sanitarian n. 公共健康专家sanatorium n. 疗养院sewage n. [U]（下水道里的）污水，污物污水处理sewage disposal / treatmentsewer n. [C] 下水道drain n. 1. (Br. E.) [C] 下水道，地沟；2. (Am.E.) [C]（卫生间或水池的）排水口drainage n. [U] 排水intermittent adj. 断续的，间歇的一阵一阵的掌声intermittent bursts of applause从灯塔传来的忽明忽暗的闪光intermittent flashes of light from a lighthouse【词根】“mit” / “miss” = sendintermit v. 暂停intermittent adj. 断续的；间歇的intermission n. 暂停；幕间休息admit “v. 准许进入；承认admission n. 准许进入；承认emit v. 发射，发出emission n. 发射，发出omit v. 省略，删除；忽略，疏忽omission n. 省略，删除；忽略，疏忽permit v. 允许permission n. 允许submit v. 提交，上交；服从，屈服submission n. 提交，上交；服从，屈服submissive adj. 服从的，顺从的transmit v. 传输，传染transmission n. 传输，传染remit v. 赦免，宽恕；汇款remission n. 赦免，宽恕remittance n. 汇款manumit v. 解放（奴隶）manumission n.（奴隶的）解放disinfectant n. 消毒剂，杀菌剂infect v. to give someone a disease 传染把…传染给某人infect sb. with sth.例句He has been infected with HIV.他感染了艾滋病病毒。infection n. 1. [U] 传染；2. [C] 传染病disinfect v. 杀菌，消毒给伤口/外科手术器械/医院病房消毒disinfect a wound / surgical instrument / hospital wardinfectious / contagious / communicable adj.传染性的[可作表语和定语]catching adj.传染性的[只作表语]a catching disease ×I hope his cold isn’t catching.√bactericidal adj. 杀菌的【词根】“cid” / “cis” = cutbactericidal adj. 杀菌的concise adj. 言简意赅的concision n. 言简意赅excise v. 切除；删除excision n.切除；删除incise v. 切开；雕刻incision n. 切开；切口incisive adj. 敏锐的，有洞见的precise adj. 精确的precision n. 精确patricide n. 弑父matricide n. 弑母suicide n. 自杀suicidal adj. 自杀的pesticide n. 杀虫剂，农药herbicide n. 除草剂🔥重点表达一条被化学物质污染的小河a river contaminated by chemicals毒害年轻人的心灵contaminate the minds of young people放射性污染radioactive contamination污水处理sewage disposal / treatment一阵一阵的掌声intermittent bursts of applause从灯塔传来的忽明忽暗的闪光intermittent flashes of light from a lighthouse把…传染给某人infect sb. with sth.给伤口/外科手术器械/医院病房消毒disinfect a wound / surgical instrument / hospital ward配水系统，配水管网 ；配电系统distribution system家庭垃圾/工业垃圾/化学废料household / industrial / chemical waste没有管道传水的村庄villages with no piped water…质量的… …of … quality未经处理的水/污水/废料 untreated water / sewage / waste未经治疗的疾病/抑郁症untreated illness / disease / depression最好…/…是明智的 it is best (= It is wise) to do sth. 坚持，遵守，不放弃，不偏离keep to = stick to瓶装啤酒/瓶装水bottled beer / water罐装食品canned food…的标准 standard(s) of…商标名称brand name = trade name （饮料）灌瓶厂bottling plant碳酸饮料carbonated drinks酸土acidic soil在某人在场的情况下 in sb.’s presence/ in the presence of sb.在某人不在场的情况下 in / during sb.’s absence或in / during the absence of sb.（做）…的方式 way of doing sth. / way to do sth.滚开的水boiling water 开水boiled water 一经要求on reques t[=when asked for] 应某人之请求at sb.’s request / at the request of sb. [=because of sb.’s wish]便携式电脑a portable computer知道…（如何）know … to do sth.血液中的酒精含量 levels of alcohol in the blood禁止售酒prohibit the sale of alcohol杀菌作用，杀菌效果 bactericidal action …对…的影响 the action of … on …微量，一丁点儿 a negligible amount当心，提防… beware of (doing) sth.把/让…置于…（的状态） leave sth. to do sth.一个偏远的边陲小镇a remote border town容易得到的 easily / readily available / obtainable对于……熟悉，通晓，懂行 knows about sth.（做）…的方法 method for / of (doing) sth.🔥复盘测试一条被化学物质污染的小河毒害年轻人的心灵放射性污染污水处理一阵一阵的掌声从灯塔传来的忽明忽暗的闪光把…传染给某人给伤口/外科手术器械/医院病房消毒配水系统，配水管网 ；配电系统家庭垃圾/工业垃圾/化学废料没有管道传水的村庄…质量的… 未经处理的水/污水/废料 未经治疗的疾病/抑郁症最好…/…是明智的 坚持，遵守，不放弃，不偏离瓶装啤酒/瓶装水罐装食品…的标准 商标名称（饮料）灌瓶厂碳酸饮料酸土在某人在场的情况下在某人不在场的情况下（做）…的方式 滚开的水开水一经要求应某人之请求便携式电脑知道…（如何）血液中的酒精含量禁止售酒杀菌作用，杀菌效果…对…的影响 微量，一丁点儿当心，提防…把/让…置于…（的状态）一个偏远的边陲小镇容易得到的对于……熟悉，通晓，懂行 （做）…的方法
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