There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.长期以来，海员中流传着一种迷信的说法，认为海豚会把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命；或在人们周围列队保护，使他们免遭鲨鱼伤害。🎈There has long been a superstition among mariners是there be+无灵主语的结构，有两个作用：使表达更文气和突出重点，其中among mariners是状语。that porpoises will save…是superstition的同位语从句，其中save…和or protect…是并列成分，by pushing them to the surface和by surrounding them in defensive formation是方式状语。🎈superstition n. 迷信；迷信的观念superstitious adj. 迷信的助长迷信foster superstition破除迷信break down / abolish superstition好兆头/吉利的兆头a good omen / an auspicious omen 凶兆a bad/ill/ominous omen例句There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie will bring you good luck / is a good omen / is an auspicious omen. 中国人长久以来迷信看见喜鹊会有好运气。Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of life-saving.海洋摄影室的生物学家指出，无论海豚多么聪明，认为它们有救人的动机可能是错误的。🎈pointed out that…中的that从句是宾语从句，however intelligent they may be是让步状从。在that宾从中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式to credit dolphins…🎈studio指艺术家工作的地方环球电影公司 Universal Studios🎈指出，提醒注意point out point out that…句型中的out是副词。如果out是介词，后面需要接宾语sth。out作adv时，位置灵活，可以是point out…，也可以是point…out。再比如表达“对…发表评论”要么说remark / comment on sth [此处的on是介词]，要么说remark / comment that…，不能说comment/remark on that…🎈让步状从however intelligent they may be, …=no matter how intelligent they may be, …=although / though / even though / while they may be intelligent, …注意不能用even if，even if通常表示假设=intelligent as they may be, …让步状从的倒装：把被强调的词放在句首例句Although she is beautiful, I still don’t like her. →Beautiful as she is, I still don’t like her. 不管她多好看，我也不喜欢她。🎈归因/归功于…credit sth. to …认为某人有某种特征credit sb. with sth.认为海豚有救人的动机credit dolphins with motive of life saving例句I had credited them with more integrity than they showed.我没想到他们会那么龌龊。I credited you with a little more sense.我没想到你那么糊涂。🎈做某事（背后）的动机motive for / behind sth.谋杀的动机the motive for the murder炸弹袭击的动机the motive behind the bombing[区分] the motive of revenge中of后引出motive的同位语，即revenge就是motive。On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.当它们偶尔把一个失去知觉的人推到岸边时，更大的可能是出于好奇或乐趣，就像它们追逐被船首犁开的浪花一样。🎈On the occasions是时间状语，when they have…是定语从句，修饰occasions。 pushed to shore an unconscious human being中to shore属于状语前置，目的是使句式平衡。out of curiosity or for sport是原因状语。as in riding the bow waves of a ship是方式状从。🎈在…场合下on / upon … occasion在这种/罕见/后来的场合on such / rare/a later occasions在大多数情况下in most instances无论如何不，决不in/under no circumstances例句Under no circumstances should you approach that man.无论怎样你都不能靠近那个男人。否定含义的状语位于句首，句子要倒装🎈处于必要out of necessity出于兴趣out of interest出于同情out of sympathy / pity出于尊敬out of respect出于良心out of conscience出于不得已/迫不得已out of desperation出于恐惧out of fear🎈sport n. [U] fun; amusement乐趣，快乐为了好玩，找乐子for sport/for fun / pleasure / amusement🎈方式状从as in riding the bow waves of a ship中as是连词。区分介词like例句In New York, like in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. ×In New York, as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. √In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress.1928年，有人拍摄到了海豚像海狸一样把浸透水的沉床推上岸的情景。🎈working like beavers看作主语补足语。to push ashore a waterlogged mattress是目的状语，其中ashore状语前置。🎈拍下来某人正在做某事photograph sb. doing sth.例句They were photographed playing with the children.他们和孩子们玩耍的情景被拍下来了。🎈为了成功拼命努力的人an eager beaverIf, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. 正如报道中所说，如果海豚保护人不受鲨鱼侵害，那么它们可能是出于好奇；而鲨鱼可能是闻到了可以美食一顿的香味。🎈as has been reported是非限定性定语从句。and连接两个并列的表语because…🎈as引导的非限定性定语从句与which引导的非限定性定语从句的区别。1、as作为关系代词指代整个主句，而which作为关系代词指代整个主句或先行词均可。2、as引导的非限定性定语从句位于主句前、中、后均可，而which引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于主句之前。例句As a poet points out, life is but a dream.Children, as is always the case, love their mother.She became angry, as many could see.3、as引导的非限定性定语从句含有“众所周知”的意思，常译为“正如……”，而which引导的非限定性定语从句则未必有这个意思。例句The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.4、在“as + be动词 + done”结构中可省略be动词 ，而在 “which + be动词 + done”结构中可省略“which + be动词 ”，而不能只省略be动词。例句据报道…As (is) reported, …逃遁的美洲狮a puma (which was) at large限定性定从中若有特定的呼应词as / so / such / the same等，则用as不用which。例句I need the tool which you are using.I need the same tool as you are using.I need such a tool as you are using.I need as useful a tool as you are using.Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden.🎈正是因为 It is because … √The reason is that … √The reason is because … ×[因为逻辑重复]Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies.海豚和鲨鱼是天然仇敌。🎈天敌，死对头natural enemiesIt is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.双方可能随之发生搏斗，搏斗结果是海豚赶走或咬死鲨鱼。🎈句首的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句。（with） the sharks （being） driven away or killed是独立主格结构。其中with和being也可省略不写。Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. 海豚对凡是活的东西都感兴趣，不管是鸟、是鱼，还是野兽。🎈Whether it be bird, fish or beast是让步状从，相当于Whether it is bird, fish or beast…或Be it bird, fish or beast, …be位于句首，代替连词例句Home is home, be it ever so homely. = Home is home, though it be ever so homely. 金窝银窝不如自己的草窝。They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.它们经常追逐海龟，海龟则温顺地忍受着各种侮辱。🎈追逐，追捕，想抓住或得到……be after … 例句The police are after the fugitive.警方正在追捕逃犯。🎈服从…，屈服于…，甘心忍受…submit to … 例句All countries in the EU must submit to its laws.所有欧盟国家都必须遵守欧盟的法律。I’m not prepared to submit to this painful course of treatment.我不愿意忍受此次痛苦的疗程。屈服于…bow to …The government refused to bow to terrorists.yield to …succumb to …be subject to …此表达还有“取决于”的意思One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout, and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane.一只小海豚特别喜欢用鼻子把海龟推到水面，然后像滑水板一样把海龟从水池的这一边推到那—边。🎈calf 大型动物（尤指牛、象、海豚、鲸鱼等）的幼兽foal 小马/驴/骡子piglet小猪lamb 小羊羔kid 小山羊（baby goat）；小孩子fawn小鹿（baby deer）cub 小熊kitten /kitty小猫puppy小狗chicken 小鸡崽duckling 小鸭子gosling小鹅larva 幼虫infant婴儿Almost any day a young porpoises may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. 几乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子顶入一只300磅重的海龟的硬壳下面，拼命地把它翻过来。这并非易事，可能需要两只海豚合伙干才行。🎈stick vi.粘 vt.伸举起手来Stick’em up!伸出舌头Stick your tongue.🎈拼命地…for dear life 终生，一辈子for life In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank.在另一场游戏中，当海龟游过水族馆时，第一只海豚从上方猛扑下去，用腹部撞击龟壳。这一下子把海龟撞下去好几英尺。海龟刚恢复平衡，第二只海豚又冲过来猛击一下。这只海龟最终被撞到池底。🎈He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.可写成No sooner does he recover his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.no sooner（含否定意义）置于句首，句子要倒装，than是连词🎈注意同一含义的表达替换：butt, knock, hit, crack.He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.此时的海龟，只要能站起来就满足了，但它刚站起来，就被一只海豚击倒。海龟终于屈服了，将4条腿缩进壳内。游戏到此结束。🎈对…很满意be satisfied with / to do …be content with / to do …🎈but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat也可写作but no sooner does he do so than a porpoise knocks him flat.🔥必背词汇porpoise n. 鼠海豚dolphin n.海豚beaver n.海狸shark n.鲨鱼到处是鲨鱼的海域shark-infested watersmarine a.海洋的海洋生物/海生的哺乳动物/海产品marine life / mammals / productsmariner / sailor / seaman n.海员，水手maritime a.海事的，航海的海洋博物馆/海洋法/海洋性气候maritime museum / law / climateaquatic a.水生的 水上运动aquatic sports 水生生物aquatic life 【词根】‘aqua’=wateraqualung n.水肺，水中呼吸器Aquarius n.水瓶座aquaplane n.滑水板aquarium n.水族馆，水族箱oceanarium n. 海洋馆【词根】‘ium’：某个场所stadium n.露天体育场gymnasium n.体育馆，健身房auditorium n.礼堂【词根】‘hydr’hydrant n.消防栓hydrophobia n.恐水症，狂犬病dehydrate v.使脱水dehydrated vegetables脱水蔬菜formation n. 形成，组成；队形，阵形新政府的组成the formation of a new government孩子性格的形成the formation of children’s personalities以密集的阵型in close formation以防守的阵型in defensive formation 以进攻的阵型in attacking formation / offensive formation 以4-4-2的阵型in a 4-4-2 formation【形近词】information n.[U]信息，情报reformation n.改革，改良 经济改革economic reformation/reformsdeformation n.变形 表面变形deformation of surfacemalformation n.畸形 先天畸形congenital malformationtransformation n.彻底转变waterlogged adj. 浸满水的例句The game was cancelled because of the waterlogged pitch. 比赛取消了，因为场地泡满了水。浸满（某种液体）be soaked / dripping / drenched with …例句大汗淋漓be ~ with sweatwet adj. 表面潮湿的；湿透的 浸满水的海绵a wet spongemoist adj.(褒) 潮湿的 湿毛巾a moist toweldamp adj.（贬）潮湿的潮湿的地下室a damp basementhumid adj.空气中水汽含量高的湿润的空气humid atmospherescent n. 香味 [近义词perfume / fragrance]成熟果实的香气the scent of ripe fruit花香the perfume of flowers丁香花的芳香the fragrance of lilacs《闻香识女人》Scent Of A Woman（北京）香山the Fragrant Hillsaroma n.(饮料/食品的)香味热咖啡的香气the aroma of hot coffeesmell n. （泛指多种）味道怪味funny smellsmelly a. 恶臭的臭脚丫smelly feetodour / odor n.（浓烈的）味道体味body odour / odor odourless / odorless a.无味的例句Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and noxious gas. 一氧化碳是一种无色无味的有毒气体。ensue v. 随之发生，因而发生A紧随B发生 A ensue from B或A come after B紧随…之后（发生）in the wake of …A、B伴随出现A go hand in hand with BA、B碰巧同时发生A coincide with B例句His arrival coincided with my departure.他之到来恰逢我之离去。intrigue v. 引起兴趣，激起好奇心引起某人兴趣/好奇心interest sb.appeal to sb.arouse one’s interest / curiosity与某人搞阴谋/密谋来对付某人intrigue with sb. against sb.intrigue/ scheme n.阴谋阴谋诡计schemes and intrigues例句All the imperialist schemes and intrigues are doomed to failure.所有的帝国主义的阴谋诡计都注定会失败。shove v. 猛推推推搡搡push and shovebutt v.（动物用头/角）顶/撞例句The goat butted him in the stomach.山羊用角顶他的肚子。gnaw v.啃，咬例句 A rat is gnawing (at) the cable.一只老鼠正在咬电缆。（弹跳之后）扑…pounce on …例句The tiger pounced on the goat.老虎扑向山羊（从高处）俯冲扑swoop on …例句We saw the hawk swoop on its prey.我们看到老鹰俯冲扑向猎物。equilibrium n. 平衡处于平衡状态be in equilibrium打破平衡upset the equilibrium恢复平衡restore / recover equilibrium内心的平衡inner equilibriumbalance n.平衡达到平衡strike a balance打破平衡upset the balancebalanced a.平衡的过平衡的生活lead a balanced lifesymmetry n.对称她五官端正the symmetry of her featuressymmetric / symmetrical a.对称的对称的花瓣the symmetric / symmetrical petalsharmony n.和谐种族和谐racial harmony 家庭和谐domestic harmonyharmonious a.和谐的建设和谐社会build a harmonious societycompatible a.兼容的例句The software isn’t compatible with older operating systems. 这个软件和旧版本的操作系统不兼容。🔥重点表达到处是鲨鱼的海域shark-infested waters海洋生物/海生的哺乳动物/海产品marine life / mammals / products海洋博物馆/海洋法/海洋性气候maritime museum / law / climate新政府的组成the formation of a new government孩子性格的形成the formation of children’s personalities以密集的阵型in close formation以防守的阵型in defensive formation 以进攻的阵型in attacking formation / offensive formation 经济改革economic reformation/reforms表面变形deformation of surface先天畸形congenital malformation浸满（某种液体）be soaked / dripping / drenched with …成熟果实的香气the scent of ripe fruit热咖啡的香气the aroma of hot coffee怪味funny smell臭脚丫smelly feet热咖啡的香气the aroma of hot coffeeA紧随B发生 A ensue from B或A come after B紧随…之后（发生）in the wake of …A、B伴随出现A go hand in hand with BA、B碰巧同时发生A coincide with B引起某人兴趣/好奇心interest sb.与某人搞阴谋/密谋来对付某人intrigue with sb. against sb.阴谋诡计schemes and intrigues打破平衡upset the equilibrium恢复平衡restore / recover equilibrium内心的平衡inner equilibrium达到平衡strike a balance打破平衡upset the balance过平衡的生活lead a balanced life种族和谐racial harmony 家庭和谐domestic harmony建设和谐社会build a harmonious society助长迷信foster superstition破除迷信break down / abolish superstition好兆头/吉利的兆头a good omen / an auspicious omen 凶兆a bad/ill/ominous omen指出，提醒注意point out归因/归功于…credit sth. to …认为某人有某种特征credit sb. with sth.做某事（背后）的动机motive for / behind sth.在…场合下on / upon … occasion处于必要out of necessity为了好玩，找乐子for sport/for fun / pleasure / amusement拍下来某人正在做某事photograph sb. doing sth.为了成功拼命努力的人an eager beaver天敌，死对头natural enemies服从…；屈服于…；甘心忍受…submit to … 追逐；追捕；想抓住或得到……be after …举起手来Stick’em up!伸出舌头Stick your tongue.拼命地…for dear life 终生，一辈子for life 对…很满意be satisfied with / to do …🔥复盘测试到处是鲨鱼的海域海洋生物/海生的哺乳动物/海产品海洋博物馆/海洋法/海洋性气候新政府的组成孩子性格的形成以密集的阵型以防守的阵型以进攻的阵型经济改革表面变形先天畸形浸满（某种液体）成熟果实的香气热咖啡的香气怪味臭脚丫热咖啡的香气A紧随B发生 紧随…之后（发生）A、B伴随出现A、B碰巧同时发生引起某人兴趣/好奇心与某人搞阴谋/密谋来对付某人阴谋诡计打破平衡恢复平衡内心的平衡达到平衡打破平衡过平衡的生活种族和谐家庭和谐建设和谐社会助长迷信破除迷信好兆头/吉利的兆头 凶兆指出，提醒注意归因/归功于…认为某人有某种特征做某事（背后）的动机在…场合下处于必要为了好玩，找乐子拍下来某人正在做某事为了成功拼命努力的人天敌，死对头服从…；屈服于…；甘心忍受… 追逐；追捕；想抓住或得到……举起手来伸出舌头拼命地… 终生，一辈子对…很满意
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