🎈stuff n. 基础材料，本质fundamental material 伟大的本质the stuff of greatness例句Real life is the stuff of all good novels. 好小说来源于生活。It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important. 很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还是很重要。🎈很明显…it is fairly clear that …it is as clear as daylight that …it is obvious that …it becomes apparent that …🎈想必，估计would seem / appear，表示推测，而非虚拟语气。例句You wouldn’t know him.你估计/想必不认识他。Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实有数千年之久。一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息。🎈that makes the problem puzzling是定从修饰one odd finding。that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest是表语从句，其中as if…a rest又是look的表语从句。🎈对于…的猜测已经持续长达数千年了。Speculations about … have been going on for literally thousands of years.例句对于宇宙起源的猜测已经持续长达数千年了。Speculations about the origins of the universe have been going on for literally thousands of years.除夕放鞭炮的习俗已经持续长达数千年了。[句型同理]The custom of letting off firecrackers on Lunar New Year’s Eve has been going on for literally thousands of years.🎈finding n. 研究结果information that is discovered as the result of research 🎈看上去很可能……It looks very much as if …🎈不过是……的事儿/问题be simply a matter of doing 例句Success in business is simply a matter of knowing when to take a chance.不仅仅是……的事儿/问题be not simply a matter of doing …的问题 (the) question of…声望问题question of prestige面子问题question of pride时间问题question of time…的事matter of …时间/个人偏好/兴趣问题a matter of time / personal taste / preference / interest.生死攸关的事a matter of life and death. ‘Rest’, in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.“休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到。🎈in terms of muscle relaxation and so on是插入语。lying, or even sitting down非谓语动词作伴随状语。a brief period和lying…之间也可以加of，此时动名词lying…作介词的宾语。The body’s tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳。🎈self- （prefix）：by yourself or by itself自我驱动的交通工具a self-propelled vehicle自动关闭的门self-closing doors自我清洁的炉子a self-cleaning oven自上发条的表a self-winding watch🎈某种程度上to a (certain) degree / to some degree/to a (certain) extent / to some extent = partly🎈function best写作function the best也可以。副词最高级限定动词时，the可加可不加。例句One of the things that fascinates us （the）most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives.🎈几乎，差不多more or less = almost🎈continuously ad.一刻不停地（强调无中断，无停顿）continually ad.发生频率高地（可以中断）例句They’re continually arguing.他们总是吵架。睡觉的时候肯定不能吵，也就是有中断，所以用continuallyIn fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity. 事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，以防止肌肉活动停止。🎈specifically adv. 特定地，专门地relating to or intended for one particular type of person or thing only 专门为儿童设计的液体维生素liquid vitamins specifically designed for children专门针对职业妇女的杂志a magazine aimed specifically at working women专门为…设计(be) specifically designed for … 专门针对…(be) aimed specifically at … 专门关于…(be) specifically concerned with …关于concern …/be concerned with …例句The book concerns music./ The book is concerned with music.担忧某事令某人担忧 sth concern sb某人担忧某事sb be concerned about sth例句What concerns me is our lack of preparation for the change.The police said they were very concerned about the boy’s safety.🎈inactivity n. [U] the state of not doing anything, not moving, or not working例句Don’t suddenly take up violent exercise after years of inactivity.别好几年不运动之后突然进行剧烈运动。If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，那么也许是让大脑得以休息？🎈If it is not a question of resting the body是条件状从。it is the brain that needs resting是强调句。🎈rest v.让（身体的某一部分）休息 to not use a part of your body that is tired or injured so that it can get better例句Rest your eyes every half an hour.每半个小时休息一下眼睛。I need to sit down and rest my legs.我得坐下来歇歇腿。🎈需要…need / require / want + doing / to be done doing是主动表被动例句The watch needs / requires / wants mending / to be mended.这块表需要修一下。例句如果不是更换贸易伙伴的问题，那可能需要更换的就是贸易标准了。If it is not a question of replacing trading partners, then perhaps it is trading standards that need replacing.This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors. 若不是下面两点，这种假使似乎是有道理的。🎈这一句是典型的虚拟语气，相当于This might be a plausible hypothesis if it were not for two factors.🎈与现在事实相反：If + S. + did / were, S. + would / should / could / might + do与过去事实相反：If + S. + had done, S. + would / should / could / might + have done与未来趋势相反：If + S.+ should do, S.+ would / should / could / might + doIf + S.+ did / were to do, S.+ would / should / could / might + do*如果虚拟从句中出现了were，had，should，可以将其放在从句句首代替if，构成倒装。例句If I were you, I would go abroad at once. →Were I you, I would go abroad at once.First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.第一点，脑电图记录仪(不过是一种把电极接到头皮上记录脑电活动的仪器)显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少。🎈(which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp)是插入语，其中by attaching electrodes to the scalp是方式状语。that the total amount of activity is any less是同位语从句[there be句型和evidence连用，后常跟同位语从句]。🎈electroencephalograph脑电图记录仪疯牛病bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)photograph 照片telegraph 电报autograph亲笔签名geography 地理学biography 传记autobiography自传demography 人口学，人口统计bibliography 参考书目calligraphy书法🎈…的设备device for doing sth. / to do sth.测量空气湿度的设备a devicefor measuring humidity in the air探测一氧化碳的设备a device to detect carbon monoxide🎈把A连/系/粘到B上 attach A to B在感情上依恋…be sentimentally attached to …🎈any adv. 一点儿，丝毫used before the comparative form of an adjective or adverb to mean ‘even a small amount’ 例句I can’t run any faster.我一点儿也快不了了。Are you feeling any better?你有感觉好点吗？The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.第二点更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美国—位精神病学者发表了—篇报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况。🎈dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep非谓语动词作experiments的后置定语，其中during sleep是时间状语。🎈关于deal with [if a book, speech etc. deals with a particular subject, it is about that subject ]关于concern / be concerned with …/be about …主要关于focus onHe showed that the average individual’s sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球活动，这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速。🎈some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid是独立主格结构，也可写成some (being) drifting and slow, others (being) jerky and rapid。🎈burst n. 一阵a short period of a particular activity or strong emotion that often starts suddenly 能量爆发/突然发脾气/突然一阵热情a sudden burst of energy / anger / enthusiasm阵阵自发的掌声spontaneous bursts of applause🎈drift v. 漫无目标地移动、改变等to move, change, or do sth. without any plan or purpose 例句The crowds drifted away from the stadium.人群从体育场中散开了。🎈jerky adj. 忽动忽停的，颠簸不稳的making sudden starts and stops and not moving smoothly People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they reported no dreams. 在眼球活动期间被叫醒的人都说自己在做梦；在其他期间叫醒他们，则说没有做梦。🎈woken during these periods of eye-movements是people的后置定语。that they had been dreaming是宾从。When (they were) woken at other times是状语从句的省略。If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.如果有两组人，一组人连续几夜在眼活动时被叫醒；另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒，但是 在眼球没活动时被叫醒的。结果，第一组人开始出现性格失常，而第二组人似乎没受什么影响。🎈for several nights on end是时间状语。while the others seemed more or less unaffected中的while是并列连词，意为“而”。🎈连续不停地on end = in a row = successively🎈exhibit v. (fml.) 表现，显示，显出to show a particular feeling, quality, ability, or form of behavior 例句She’s beginning to exhibit symptoms of stress.她逐渐表现出紧张的症状。The patient exhibited signs of fatigue and memory loss.病人表现出疲劳和记忆力衰退的症状。🎈disorder n. 1. 混乱，骚乱2. 疾病，不适，障碍an illness of the mind or body 严重的精神障碍severe mental disorder胃病a stomach disorder🎈unaffected adj. 未改变的，未受影响的not changed or influenced by sth[常与by连用unaffected (by …)，表示“未受…改变/影响”] The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干扰没关系，而做梦受到干忧是有问题的。🎈本句包含it was…that…强调句结构，和not…but…（不是…而是…）句型。🎈并不是A重要，而是B重要 it is not A that matters, but B/ the significant thing is not A but B是…而不是… it is … that / who / which …, not …本句可改写为：1… it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.2… it was the disturbance of dreaming that / which mattered, not the disturbance of sleep.3… the significant thing was not the disturbance of sleep but the disturbance of dreaming.🔥必背词汇speculation n. 推测；投机n. 猜测，猜想conjecture/ guesswork / guess work对于…的猜测 speculation about…房地产开发的投资speculation in property developmentspeculate v.1猜测 2投机猜测speculate on/about…投机speculate in…speculative adj. 猜测的；投机的投机性投资speculative investmentsliterally adv. 多达，长达，足足有；逐字地，字面地literal adj.字面的，逐字的字面意思literal meaning直译literal translation意译liberal translation【词根】“liter” = letterliterary a.文学的 literature n.文学literate a.有读写能力的 literacy n. 有读写能力的人illiterate a. 没有读写能力的illiteracy n.文盲plausible adj. 合理的，可信的，可能正确的近义词reasonable/ believable /credible / convincing/ persuasive/ cogent合理的解释/借口a plausible explanation / excuseplausibility n. [U] 合理，可信implausible adj. 难以置信的，不太可能是真的 [近义词unbelievable/ incredible/ unconvincing//improbable/ inconceivable /unlikely/preposterous/shaky/lame]hypothesis n. 假说，假设提出/证实假说 formulate / confirm a hypothesis关于梦的功能的假设a hypothesis about the function of dreamsSing.→pl.hypothesis→ hypotheses (pl. [hai’pɔθisiːz]).axis →à axes basis →à basesoasis →à oases crisis →à crisesanalysis →à analysessynopsis →à synopsesdiagnosis →à diagnosesparenthesis→ à parenthesespsychiatrist n. 精神病医生，精神病学家psychiatry n. [U]精神病学，精神病治疗psychiatric adj.精神病学的；治疗精神病的一个精神病诊所a psychiatric clinic精神病治疗psychiatric treatment【词根】“psych(o)” = soulpsychiatry n.精神病学 psychiatric a. 精神病学 psychiatrist n. 精神病医生psychology n. 心理学 psychological a.心理的，心理学的 psychologist n.心理学家psychoanalysis n. 精神分析（学）psychoanalyze v. 给…进行精神分析punctuate v. 加标点；不时打断，穿插不时穿插…，不时被…打断 be punctuated by / with sth.例句Her speech was punctuated by bursts of applause.【词根】“punct” = to prickpunctuate v. 加标点 punctuation n. 标点符号punctual a.准时的，守时的 punctuality n.守时，准时puncture v. 扎破 acupuncture n.针灸🔥重点表达对于…的猜测 speculation about…房地产开发的投资speculation in property development投机性投资speculative investments字面意思literal meaning直译literal translation意译liberal translation合理的解释/借口a plausible explanation / excuse提出/证实假说 formulate / confirm a hypothesis关于梦的功能的假设a hypothesis about the function of dreams一个精神病诊所a psychiatric clinic精神病治疗psychiatric treatment不时穿插…，不时被…打断 be punctuated by / with sth.伟大的本质the stuff of greatness很明显…it is fairly clear that …想必，估计would seem / appear对于…的猜测已经持续长达数千年了。Speculations about … have been going on for literally thousands of years.看上去很可能……It looks very much as if …不过是……的事儿/问题be simply a matter of doing 不仅仅是……的事儿/问题be not simply a matter of doing 某种程度上to a (certain) degree / to some degree/to a (certain) extent / to some extent = partly几乎，差不多more or less = almost专门为…设计(be) specifically designed for … 专门针对…(be) aimed specifically at … 专门关于…(be) specifically concerned with …需要…need / require / want + doing / to be done…的设备device for doing sth. / to do sth.把A连/系/粘到B上 attach A to B在感情上依恋…be sentimentally attached to …关于deal with主要关于focus on能量爆发/突然发脾气/突然一阵热情a sudden burst of energy / anger / enthusiasm阵阵自发的掌声spontaneous bursts of applause连续不停地on end = in a row = successively严重的精神障碍severe mental disorder胃病a stomach disorder并不是A重要，而是B重要 it is not A that matters, but B/ the significant thing is not A but B是…而不是… it is … that / who / which …, not …🔥复盘测试对于…的猜测房地产开发的投资投机性投资字面意思直译意译合理的解释/借口提出/证实假说 关于梦的功能的假设一个精神病诊所精神病治疗不时穿插…，不时被…打断 伟大的本质很明显…想必，估计对于…的猜测已经持续长达数千年了。看上去很可能……不过是……的事儿/问题 不仅仅是……的事儿/问题 某种程度上几乎，差不多专门为…设计 专门针对… 专门关于…需要……的设备把A连/系/粘到B上 在感情上依恋…关于主要关于能量爆发/突然发脾气/突然一阵热情阵阵自发的掌声连续不停地严重的精神障碍胃病并不是A重要，而是B重要 是…而不是…
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