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《不死鸟 ——三毛》 -英语技巧与实例-英汉互译实用教程

2023-01-20 分类：新概念英语第四册 阅读(103) 评论(0)

不死鸟 ——三毛

The Surviving Bird ——San Mao
 
🔥背景知识：《不死鸟》的作者三毛本名陈平，女，浙江定海人，1943年生于四川重庆，1949年随父母迁居台湾，1964年入台湾中国文化学院哲学系学习，肄业后游学欧美。1973年她与西班牙男子荷西结婚，婚后到西属撒哈拉沙漠生活，1979年荷西潜水时意外丧生，她随即回台湾定居。1991年她自杀身亡，享年48岁。其作品介于自传性散文与小说之间，描写一个女子在世界各地的所见所闻。本文摘自林非选编《中国当代散文经典》一书（2003年1月出版）。
 
一年多前，爱书人杂志给我出了一个题目“如果你只有三十天的寿命，你将会做些什么？” 
Over a year ago, the Book Enthusiast magazine asked me to write an article in answer to the question, “What would you do suppose you were to live for only 30 more days from now?”
🎈爱书人杂志给我出了一个题目“如果你只有三十天的寿命，你将会做些什么？”也可译为the Book Enthusiast magazine asked me to write an article entitled What Would I Do Suppose I Were to Live for Only 30 More Days from Now?
🎈响应，回答，作为对……的回答 in answer to
例句
In answer to these questions I either nodded or made strange noises.
作为对这些问题的回答，我不是点头，就是发出奇怪的声音。
 
我一直没有动笔。
So far I still haven’t set pen to paper.
🎈「我一直没有动笔」译为So far I still haven’t set pen to paper或But so far I haven’t complied with the request of the magazine。
 
荷西听我说起这件事情，也曾好奇地问过我，——“你会做些什么呢？”
Hexi, learning of it from me, asked with curiosity, “What would you do?”
🎈Hexi—The author’s Spanish husband.
🎈了解、得知learn of
 
当时，我正在揉面，
I was then kneading dough.
🎈then作副词不止可以表示「然后」，还可以「当时」
例句
I spent years on the dole trying to get bands together and I never worried about money then.
我多年靠救济金过活，一直在努力组建乐队，那时，我从不为钱发愁。
 
我举起了沾着白粉的手，温和地摸摸他的头发，慢慢地说：“傻子，我不会死的，因为还得给你做饺子呢！”
Raising my hand caked with white flour to caress his hair with tenderness, I said unhurriedly, “O silly. I’m not going to die. I have to live on to make jiaozi for you!”
🎈Raising my hand caked with white flour to caress his hair with tenderness作伴随状语，其中caked with white flour是hand的后置定语。其中cake熟词僻义，此处为动词，表示「（厚厚一层干后即变硬的软东西）覆盖」，常用搭配是cake sth (in/with sth)，常用被动形式，即be caked with。
例句
Her shoes were caked with mud.
她的鞋上粘着污泥。
🎈Jiaozi — Dumplings with meat and vegetable filling.
🎈「因为还得给你做饺子呢！」译为I have to live on to make jiaozi for you，其中to live on是译文中的增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
 
以后，我们又谈起这份欠着的稿子，我的答案仍是那么的简单而固执——
Later when we again mentioned the article I was supposed to write at the request of the magazine, I still took a simple and resolute stand. 
🎈「这份欠着的稿子」不宜按字面直译，现译the article I was supposed to write at the request of the magazine。其中at the request指「应…的请求」
🎈stand是名词，表示某种态度或立场。
 
“我一样的守这个家，有责任的人是没有死亡的权利的。”
“I’ll keep watching over the house,” said I, “A person bearing responsibility for a home has no right to die at all.”
🎈照看、照料、看护watch over
🎈「有责任的人」译作A person bearing responsibility for a home，其中bearing responsibility for a home是person的后置定语，bear的用法值得借鉴积累。for a home是结合「我」想表达的态度而增译的成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
🎈「没有死亡的权利的」译作has no right to die没有错，但（no否定意义）at all使语气更为强烈，起强调作用。
 
虽然预知死亡是我喜欢的一种生命结束的方式，可是我仍然不能死，
Although I know my favourite way to end this life is by death, I still don’t want to die.
🎈此句注意理解中文，稍微有些绕。真的有人能「预知死亡」吗？无非是主动选择（非自然）死亡罢了，故此处译作by death。三毛的这种观点和其后来的自杀行为不谋而合。
 
在这个世界上有三个与我个人存亡牢牢相连的人。那便是我的父亲、母亲还有荷西，
Three persons in this world have their fate so closely tied up with my life and death. They are my parents and Hexi.
🎈「在这个世界上有三个与我个人存亡牢牢相连的人」译为Three persons in this world have their fate so closely tied up with my life and death，其中 have their fate是按内容而在译文中添加的词。
 
如果世界上有他们活着一日，我便不可以死，连神也不能将我取去，因为我不肯。
I refuse to die as long as they’re alive. Not even a god can take me away when I say no.
🎈「便不可以死」想表达的是「决不选择死亡」，也就是refuse to die（拒绝死亡）
🎈not even的意思是「甚至…（也）不…、即是…（也）无法…」。not even放在主语前，会使主语成为信息焦点，但是not even不是否定主语的，而是否定全句的。
例句
Not even he protested.
连他也没有反对。
 
让我父母在渐入高年时失去爱女，那么他们一生的幸福和慰藉，会因为这一件事情完全崩溃，
The loss of their beloved daughter would deprive my ageing parents of their life-long happiness and consolation. 
🎈「那么他们一生的幸福和慰藉，会因为这一件事情完全崩溃」即「他们一生的幸福和慰藉会被剥夺/他们会丧失一生的幸福和慰藉」，现以deprive A of B的表达译出，这个词组的意思是从B剥夺A/使B不能享有A。
例句
They were imprisoned and deprived of their basic rights.
他们遭到监禁并被剥夺了基本权利。
 
这样尖锐的打击不可以由他们来承受，那是过分残酷也过分不公平了。
It would be cruel and unfair for them to suffer the crushing blow.
🎈承受这样尖锐的打击to suffer the crushing blow。其中，crushing表示「毁灭性的」，the crushing blow指前文提到的The loss of their beloved daughter。此处也可译作to suffer such a crushing blow来强调「打击之尖锐」
 
要荷西半途折翼，失去他相依为命的爱妻，那么在他日后的心灵上会有什么样的伤痕，什么样的烙印？
If Hexi should lose his beloved wife, with whom he had been living for interdependence, what an emotional trauma he would undergo! And what bitterness would be deeply engraved in his mind!
🎈If Hexi should lose…,what… he would undergo! And what bitterness would be …!涉及if引导的非真实条件句，对将来事实进行假设，条件从句谓语动词形式为 「（should）+V原」，主句谓语动词形式为「should/would/could/might +动词原形」
🎈印刻在脑海中/心版上be engraved in my mind
许地山《落花生》
所有花生食品虽然没有了，然而父亲底话现在还印在我心版上。
Today, though nothing is left of the goodies made of peanuts, father’s words remain engraved in my mind.
 
如果因我的消失而使得荷西的余生不再有一丝笑容，那么我便更不能死。
The thought of the complete vanishing of smiles from his face during the rest of his life as a result of his bereavement made me all the more determined against my death.
🎈结构划分（划几个道道大家就明白了）：The thought of [the complete vanishing of smiles from his face (during the rest of his life) /as a result of his bereavement] //made me all the more determined against my death。碰到句子，先找主谓宾。
🎈all the more的用法：中国人不习惯使用这个词组，因为译成中文是「更加」，似乎同英文的more或even more差不多。但其实all the more表示的「更加」，是前后文说出了原因或隐含不明言原因的，而简单的more或even more则不涉及原因。
例句
For this very reason, their recklessness is all the harder to forgive. 正是由于这个原因，他们的鲁莽就更难原谅。
 
这些，又一些，因我的死亡而将使父母及丈夫所遭受到的大劫难，每想起来，便是不忍，不忍，不忍又不忍。
I cannot bear to think of the great adversity to be brought on my parents and husband by my death. No, I can’t, absolutely can’t.
🎈to be brought on my parents and husband by my death是adversity的后置定语。
🎈无法忍受 cannot bear to do
🎈「不忍」的重复出现就是为了强调作者的态度，译文以absolutely保留对应的语气。
 
毕竟，先走的是比较幸福的，留下的并不是强者，
Yes, those who leave first are happier than those left behind, and the latter are not necessarily the stronger.
🎈这句译文的巧妙之处在于「很顺畅」，因为它在原文的两个短句之间架起了一座桥梁（先走的比留下的幸福），然后很自然地用the latter起句表达下一层含义。
 
可是想到这彻心切肤的病痛，我仍是要说——为了爱的缘故，这永别的苦杯，还是留给我来喝下吧。
In spite of my painful illness, I reiterate that for the sake of love, let me stay behind to drink down the last bitter cup of parting.
🎈可是想到……我仍是要说：「可是」不是「可是」，而是「尽管、虽然」之意，现译作In spite of。
🎈「仍是要说」译作了reiterate，选词非常棒，准确地体现了「重述、重申」之意。
🎈为了……for…’s sake/for the sake of
梁实秋《学问与趣味》
只是‘无所为而为’solely for its own sake
形式主义 the practice of formalities for formalities’ sake
🎈stay behind是增译成分，与上句提到的are happier than those left behind, and the latter are not necessarily the stronger相呼应。
🎈the last bitter cup of parting中last是为和下面一句呼应而增添的成分，指「把最后一杯苦杯留给我吧」（愿父母和荷西都比我先走一步，让我做那个留下的人，独尝苦楚）。
 
我愿意在父亲、母亲及荷西的生命圆环里，做最后离世的一个，
I hope to remain with my parents and Hexi in their lifetime and be the last to pass away.
🎈此句「做最后离世的一个the last to pass away」中的last和上句的the last bitter cup of parting的last相呼应。
🎈last的另一种常见用法：表否定意义，作least likely 或most unlikely（最不可能的）解。分享一下「我不可能嫁给你」的几种译文版本：
I will never marry you.
Never will I will marry you.
You are the last person I am willing to marry.
Under no circumstances will I marry you.
If you were the last man in the world, I would definitely remain single.
译文语气强弱有所不同，根据具体语境斟酌选用。
 
如果我先去了，而将永远的哀伤留给世上的他们，那么是死不瞑目的，因为我的爱有多深，我的牵挂便有多长。
It would make me turn in my grave if I should be the first to die, thus leaving them with perpetual sorrow. My concern for them is as deep as my love for them.
🎈「如果我先去了……那么是死不瞑目的」译为It would make me turn in my grave if I should be the first to die，其中make me turn in my grave是英语成语，作「使我不能瞑目于地下」「九泉有知当亦不安」等解。句中「那么是死不瞑目的」也可译为I wouldn’t be able to rest in peace in my grave。 
 
所以，我几乎没有选择地做了暂时的不死鸟，
Therefore, I have no choice but to be a temporary surviving bird.
🎈别无选择唯有…have no choice but to
 
我的羽毛虽然因为荷西的先去，已经完全脱落，无力再飞，可是那颗碎掉的心，仍是父母的珍宝。
Though I can’t fly any more, having lost all my feathers due to Hexi’s death, my broken heart is still treasured by my parents.
🎈any more常用于否定句和疑问句末，表示「再也（不），（不）再」。
例句
She doesn’t live here any more.
她已经不在这里住了。
🎈having lost all my feathers due to Hexi’s death作原因状语。现代语法把这种对某个词、短语或句子作解释补充的成分，称为补充语（supplement）。补充语包括插入语在内，但不限于插入语。非限制性定语、非限制性同位语、分词作状语等都囊括在补充语的项下。其特征是有逗号与句子隔开，其功能是对句子中的某个词、短语或整个句子做补充解释。
🎈翻译时注意词性转换，如此处的「仍是父母的珍宝」未按主系表结构翻译，而是译作is still treasured by my parents，将「珍宝」从名词转换成了动词「珍视」
 
再痛，再伤，他们也不肯我死去，我也不忍放掉他们啊。
They just won’t let me die despite my spiritual agony and wound. And nor can I bear to lose them.
Q: despite (of) 和 in spite of 有什么区别?
1.论语气，despite 比in spite of 谨严，但意思没有分别，都可译做「虽然」或「不顾」
例句
In spite of/Despite mounting public discontent , the government is determined to push the bill through. 
虽然公众不满愈来愈强烈，政府还是执意要通过议案。
2.有时，我们会看到despite of mounting public discontent 之类说法，但despite之后加of ，一般被视为鄙俗甚至不正确，不宜仿效。
3.In spite of或despite 之后必须用名词或动名词（gerund），不能接普通句子（clause），例如不可说Despite the public is getting increasingly discontented，只能说Despite the fact that the public is getting increasingly discontented.
4.in spite of/despite the fact that 这句式虽然正确，却嫌累赘，最好用although一字取代
例句
Although the public is getting increasingly discontented, the government is determined to push the bill through. 
5.英文有in spite of/despite oneself 这说法，意思是「不由自主」或「不禁」
例句
Her words were so satirical that I lost my temper in spite of myself.
她的话尖酸刻薄得令我忍不住发脾气。
6.留意spite 这个字单独使用时，往往解作「恶意」，和in spite of 不同
例句
She did it out of spite. 
她那样做是出于恶意的。
 
总有那么一天，在金色的彼岸，会有六只爱的手臂张开了在迎我进入永生，
The day will surely come when six loving open arms on the other golden bank will welcome me to eternity.
🎈积累句式：总有那么一天The day will surely come when…。在表达愿景时可以使用。其中，when引导定语从句，先行词是day，之所以将when放在will surely come之后是为了保持句式平衡。
 
那时，我方肯含笑狂奔而去了。
Then, and only then will I rush forward with a smile.
🎈and only then是增译成分，体现作者的一种心情，就好像作者在你面前摇着头微笑道：那时，也只有那时我能含笑而去了。
 
这份文字本是为着另一个题目写的，可是我拒绝了只有一月寿命的假想，
I originally intended this article to be written under another title. But I rejected the hypothesis that I was going to die in 30 days.
🎈the hypothesis that I was going to die in 30 days中that引导同位语从句。
 
生的艰难，尘世的苦，死别时一刹的碎心又碎心，还是由我一个人来承担吧。
The trials and tribulations of living, the sufferings of mortal life, the acute sorrow of parting for good — let me bear all that alone.
🎈The trials and tribulations of living, the sufferings of mortal life, the acute sorrow of parting for good：这些不用 and 的并列（包括非谓语动词的并列），属于不完整列举，还有想表达的内容被略去，意犹未尽。典型的文学语言。又，for good= for good and all，表示「永久地」
 
父亲，母亲，荷西，我的亲人，我爱你们胜于自己的生命，那么我便护着你们的幸福，不轻言消失吧！
Dad, Mom and Hexi, my dear ones, I love you more than I do myself. So let me guard your happiness and never unthinkingly speak of my death.
🎈I love you more than I do myself中do是love一词的替代。
🎈「轻言」译为unthinkingly speak of…，意同speak of… without careful consideration。
 
🔥必背词汇
suppose      v.假定，假设，设想
英义
You can use suppose or supposing before mentioning a possible situation or action. You usually then go on to consider the effects that this situation or action might have.
例句
Suppose someone gave you an egg and asked you to describe exactly what was inside.
假设有人给了你一枚鸡蛋并要你准确描述鸡蛋里面有什么。
 
dough       n.(用于制作面包等的)生面团
英义
Dough is a fairly firm mixture of flour, water, and sometimes also fat and sugar. It can be cooked to make bread, pastry, and biscuits.
例句
Roll out the dough into one large circle.
将面团擀成大的圆形面皮。
 
knead      v.揉，捏面团或其他食物
英义
When you knead dough or other food, you press and squeeze it with your hands so that it becomes smooth and ready to cook.
例句
Lightly knead the mixture on a floured surface.
在撒上面粉的台面上轻揉该混合物。
 
undergo      v.经历，接受，遭受，忍受
英义
If you undergo something necessary or unpleasant, it happens to you.
例句
New recruits have been undergoing training in recent weeks.
最近几周，新兵正在接受训练。
 
trauma     n.精神创伤，惊骇(或痛苦)经历
英义
Trauma is a very severe shock or very upsetting experience, which may cause psychological damage.
例句
I’d been through the trauma of losing a house.
我经历过失去房子的痛苦。
 
reiterate       v.通常为了强调重复讲，反复说，重申
英义
If you reiterate something, you say it again, usually in order to emphasize it.
例句
He reiterated his opposition to the creation of a central bank.
他重申了自己反对成立央行的立场。
  
🔥重点表达
响应; 回答; 作为对……的回答in answer to
动笔set pen to paper
了解、得知learn of
揉面knead dough
应…的请求at the request
照看、照料、看护watch over
有责任的人A person bearing responsibility for…
爱女one’s beloved daughter
承受这样尖锐的打击to suffer the crushing blow
相依为命living for interdependence with sb
印刻在脑海中/心版上be engraved in my mind
余生during the rest of his life
无法忍受 cannot bear to do
为了爱的缘故for the sake of love
这永别的苦杯the last bitter cup of parting
做最后离世的一个be the last to pass away
使我不能瞑目于地下、九泉有知当亦不安make me turn in my grave
别无选择唯有…have no choice but to
暂时的不死鸟a temporary surviving bird
总有那么一天The day will surely come when
迎我进入永生welcome me to eternity
永久地for good= for good and all
轻言unthinkingly speak of
  
🔥复盘测试
响应; 回答; 作为对……的回答
动笔
了解、得知
揉面
应…的请求
照看、照料、看护
有责任的人
爱女
承受这样尖锐的打击
相依为命
印刻在脑海中/心版上
余生
无法忍受
为了爱的缘故
这永别的苦杯
做最后离世的一个
使我不能瞑目于地下、九泉有知当亦不安
别无选择唯有…
暂时的不死鸟
总有那么一天
迎我进入永生
永久地
轻言
 
🔥表达对比
「相依为命」有几种表达方式？
 
要荷西半途折翼，失去他（相依为命）的爱妻，那么在他日后的心灵上会有什么样的伤痕，什么样的烙印？
If Hexi should lose his beloved wife, with whom he had been living for interdependence, what an emotional trauma he would undergo! And what bitterness would be deeply engraved in his mind!
 
从那时起，只剩我们姊妹（相依为命），我不得不扛起重任。
From that point on, it was just us, so I had to step up.
 
这些士兵（相依为命）。
These men depend on each other.
 
我真的很抱歉。我的狗今天死了。我不得不给他安乐死。十四年了，（我们俩相依为命）。
I’m really sorry. My dog died today. I had to put him to sleep. 14 years, he was all I had.
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