🎈royal a.皇室的，王室的皇家空军/海军the Royal Air Force / Navyroyalty n.版税；王室成员王室成员光顾的商店a shop patronized by royalty （patron n.老顾客）loyal a.忠诚的→ loyalty n.忠诚Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.阿尔弗雷德大帝曾亲自充当间谍，他扮作吟游歌手到丹麦军队的营地里侦察。🎈Alfred (849~899): king of the West Saxons (871~899). He is one of the most outstanding figures of English history. He is the only ruler to resist Danish invaders, that is Vikings, successfully. Alfred made his kingdom the rallying point for all the Saxons, thus laying the foundation for the unification of England. He was recognized as the first king of England. Today his name still carries thunder: Alfred the Great.🎈固定用法：历史人名 + 称谓/外号等阿尔弗雷德大帝Alfred the Great彼得大帝Peter the Great亚历山大大帝Alexander the Great凯撒大帝Caesar the Great乔治五世George the Fifth🎈act as …（临时）担任某工作My brother speaks French—he can act as interpreter.当做……来用= be used as / serve as / function asNot all sounds made by animals serve as language, …🎈把A装扮成B disguise A as B /dress (sb.) up as …原文的disguised as a minstrel=dressed up as a minstrelIn those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.当时，浪迹天涯的吟游歌手到处受欢迎。🎈当时，当年，想当初in those days当今，现如今these days/ today /nowadaysThey were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport.他们不是作战人员，竖琴就是他们的通行证。🎈passport n.通行证；护照英国/中国护照British / Chinese passportvisa n.签证工作/学生/旅游签证work / student / tourist visa🎈their harp was their passport运用了暗喻Metaphor的修辞。暗喻又可分为三类：1、喻体直陈式：直接点明“本体is/become喻体[但不出现like之类的词]”例句She was an angel of a wife.2、喻体全隐式：用动词表明喻体特征例句As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.中的soar暗指将imaginations比作了birds。3、喻体半隐式：喻体未完全出现，若隐若现例句He doesn’t have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.中的parrot暗指人像鹦鹉一样学舌，句中只是作一个动词，并未明指“鹦鹉”，但却能让人联想到“鹦鹉学舌”。Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.阿尔弗德年轻时学过许多民歌，并能穿插演一些杂技和小魔术使自己的节目多样化。🎈在某人年轻时in (one’s) youth🎈使多样化 vary / diversify /add variety to … 或add color / spice to …为平淡的日常生活增添色彩add color to the dull routine of everyday lifeWhile Alfred’s little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders.阿尔弗雷德人数不多的军队开始在阿塞尔纳慢慢集结时，他亲自潜入丹麦入侵司令官古瑟罗的营地。🎈little adj. trivial; insignificant 不值一提的，微不足道的🎈set out to do 1. 开始/着手做某事=begin a job / task2. 有意做某事例句We never set out to hurt you, Victor.我们从未打算伤害你。🎈费力穿透…penetrate (into / through) …例句Our troops have penetrated (into) enemy territory.我们的军队渗透进了敌军阵营。非法进入，侵入trespass on …例句Trespassers will be prosecuted.非法入侵者将被起诉。🎈Guthrum: Danish king, he was forced to accept baptism after being defeated by Alfred.These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went.丹麦军已在切本哈姆扎下营准备过冬，阿尔弗雷便来到此地。🎈定居，安顿settle down例句They’d like to see their daughter settle down, get married and have kids.He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. 他马上发现丹麦军纪律松弛，他们以征服者自居，安全措施马马虎虎。🎈纪律松懈Discipline is slack / loose / lax. discipline作“纪律”讲时是不可数名词🎈casual adj. slack; careless; inattentive随随便便的，马马虎虎的They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. 他们靠掠夺附近的地区的财物过着舒适的生活。🎈两个on：lived (well,) on连用；raids on连用。🎈以/靠……为生 live on…例句He lives on salary.他靠工资生活。🎈对（某个地区）的抢劫a raid/raids on…抢劫一家珠宝店a raid on a jeweler’s shop🎈neighboring adj. nearby邻近的There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.他们不仅搜刮吃的喝的，而且抢掠妇女，安逸的生活已使丹麦军队变得软弱无力。🎈 强调的是A除了A之外还B A as well as … B=不仅A而且B A in addition to/ besides /along with / together with/ aside from/ apart from B强调的是B不仅A而且B not only A but also B🎈soft a.软弱的例句If you appear to be soft, people will take advantage of you.如果你露怯，人们就会欺负你。Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. 阿尔弗雷德在敌营呆了一个星期后，回到了阿塞尔纳。🎈before的译法：1、…之后；然后例句I shaved before I went to the party.我刮了脸之后去参加了聚会。2、强调主句的时间很长时，译为才例句It will be a long time before we meet again. 我们很久之后才会重逢。3、强调主句的时间很短时，译为就例句I hadn’t waited long before he came. 我没等多久他就来了。The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. 他集结在那里的军队和丹麦大军相比是微不足道的。🎈there assembled是force的后置定语。这一句相当于The force (which was) assembled / gathered / massed there was trivial …🎈force n.部队空/陆军air/ land force海军navy🎈与…相比compared to / with …in / by contrast to / with …in / by comparison to / with …But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle: and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.然而，阿尔弗雷德断定，丹麦人已不再适应持久的战争，他们的军需供应处于无组织状态，只是靠临时抢夺来维持。🎈deduce后跟了两个并列的宾语从句；冒号表示后面部分是对前面叙述的解释。在第二个that从句中，had no organization和but 后的depended on irregular raids为并列成分。🎈（达到足够好的标准）适合…be fit for … / to do …So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.因此，面对丹麦人的进攻，阿尔弗雷德没有贸然同敌人作战，而是采用骚扰敌人的战术。🎈不是…而是…not … but …不是因为…，而是因为… not that …, but that …🎈面临，面对 be faced with …/ be confronted with …原文的faced with the Danish advance=when Alfred was faced with the Danish advance, …，但原文比写成时间状从更为简洁。🎈冒着…的危险risk sth. / doing冒着生命危险risk one’s life冒着赶上暴风雨的风险risk being caught in a storm🎈此句（没有A而是B）可用“做了B而非A”的结构改写：Alfred harried the enemy+instead of risking open battle.in preference to risking open battle.in place of risking open battle.rather than risked open battle.注意：rather than前后跟相同的词性，保持一致。例句She telephoned rather than wrote.He is to be pitied rather than to be disliked.]He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him.他的部队不停地移动，牵着丹麦人的鼻子，让他们跟着跑。🎈处于某种状态on the + noun. 处于警觉中on the alert忙忙碌碌on the go正在康复on the recovery上升之中on the rise是否加定冠词the要看具体的表达，只能不断积累，见一个背一个在售on sale罢工on strike在度假on vacation办事/出差on business例句The nurse is on call 24 hours a day.这个护士全天听候召唤。His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. 他派出巡逻队阻止敌人抢劫，因而饥饿威胁着丹麦军队。🎈party n. group; band; team一群人一个搜寻/救援小队a search/rescue party🎈hunger assailed the Danish army运用了无灵主语（即sth作主语），避免了因再使用句子前半部分用过的结构（The Danish army suffered from hunger.）造成句式单一枯燥。🎈无灵主语的句子：Panic seized me.恐慌吞袭了我。Curiosity swallowed him.好奇心吞没了我。Confidence deserted him.不自信离他而去。→他变得自信。That night sleep eluded me.我晚上失眠。Sunset met them halfway.黄昏时分，他们才走了一半路。Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes— and within a month the Danes had surrendered.这时，阿尔弗雷德发起一连串小规模的进攻，结果不出一个月，丹麦人就投降了。🎈句首的Now意同then，表示“当时，此时”，使用now更能增强读者的现场感。The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage! 这一幕历史可以说是王室谍报活动中最精彩的篇章。🎈reasonably adv. justifiably，legitimately合情合理地，有理由地(对…来说是独一无二的/是…所特有的be unique to …/ be peculiar to …例句Each set of genes is unique to the individual.每个个体都有着自己的一组基因。Pandas are peculiar to China.大熊猫只有中国有。🔥必背词汇espionage n. [U]间谍活动n.间谍 counter-espionage / spy/ secret agent mole监视，窥探 spy on …wandering adj. 浪迹天涯的，居无定所的一群浪迹天涯的音乐家a band of wandering musicianswander / roam v. 漫无目的地闲逛例句During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring.在一次斗牛比赛中，一个醉鬼摇摇晃晃地溜达到了斗牛场的中间。去散步have / take / go for a walk / stroll遛狗walk the dog舒活筋骨stretch one’s legsstray a.迷路的 n./v.迷路，迷失迷途的羔羊stray sheepconjuring n. 变戏法，变魔术conjure v. 变戏法，变魔术conjurer n. 魔术师例句The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat.魔术师从帽子里变出了一只兔子。conjuring、conjurer与magic、magician类似，但magic还可指巫术，magician还可指巫师、魔法师【形近词】adjure v.发誓放弃放弃宗教信仰abjure one’s religionadjure v.恳切而庄重地请求，恳求例句I adjure you to tell the truth.我恳请你说出真相。injure v.伤害perjure (oneself) v.作伪证例句The witness perjured himself.这位目击证人撒谎作伪证。thither adv. 去那里，到那里thither和hither是古文用法，相当于现在的there和here四处，各处，到处hither and thither = here and there例句Colored fish darted hither and thither.彩色的鱼儿向四面八方飞快地游走了。slack adj. 松弛的；懈怠的；萧条的反义词tight/ taut松懈的防守slack defending生意不好/不景气/萧条Business is bad / slack / depressed.生意火热Business is good / booming.大萧条(美国经济大萧条时期)the Great Depressionconqueror n. 征服者征服者威廉William the Conquerorconquer v. （用武力）征服；击败击败主要对手conquer one’s main rivals登顶conquer the mountain克服恐高症conquer one’s fear of heights例句She has conquered the hearts of many men.许多男人拜倒在她的石榴裙下。precaution n. 预防措施 （常用pl）防火/安全/安保/卫生（保健）预防措施fire / safety / security / sanitary precautions采取预防措施take precautions采取措施take measures采取有效措施…take effective measures to do …采取极端措施…take drastic measures to do …caution n.小心，谨慎cautious a.小心的，谨慎的对…持谨慎乐观态度cautious optimism about sth. / be cautiously optimistic about sth.proceeds n. 收入，收益从…中得到的利益/收入proceeds of / from sth.收入，利益proceeds / gain / fame and gain/ profitproceedings n.法律诉讼离婚诉讼divorce proceedings继续做某事proceed to do …assemble v. 人群聚集；装配，组装聚集，集结vt./vi. assemble, gather, massvi. collect, congregate, converge组装电脑assemble a computer拆卸…dismantle / take apart例句dismantle the computer / take the computer apartprolonged adj. 持久的，长时间的长时间的盘问prolonged questioning长时间暴露在阳光中prolonged exposure to the sunprolong v.（时间上）延长 [不可用于空间上的延伸]延长寿命prolong life持久战protracted warfare = prolonged warfare近义词(v)protract; (adj)protracted反义词 curtail v.使（时间）变短缩短假期curtail one’s holidayepisode n. 插曲，片段，轶事；集（电视剧）大结局the final episodeharry vt. 骚扰，纠缠be harried by journalists / phone calls→狗仔/骚扰电话v. 骚扰，纠缠 harass/assail/pester性骚扰sexual harassment为…缠着某人pester sb. for sth.缠着某人（非得）做某事pester sb. to do🔥重点表达监视，窥探 spy on …一群浪迹天涯的音乐家a band of wandering musicians去散步have / take / go for a walk / stroll遛狗walk the dog舒活筋骨stretch one’s legs迷途的羔羊stray sheep放弃宗教信仰abjure one’s religion作伪证perjure (oneself) 四处，各处，到处hither and thither = here and there松懈的防守slack defending生意不好/不景气/萧条Business is bad / slack / depressed.生意火热Business is good / booming.大萧条(美国经济大萧条时期)the Great Depression征服者威廉William the Conqueror击败主要对手conquer one’s main rivals登顶conquer the mountain克服恐高症conquer one’s fear of heights防火/安全/安保/卫生（保健）预防措施fire / safety / security / sanitary precautions采取预防措施take precautions采取措施take measures采取有效措施…take effective measures to do …采取极端措施…take drastic measures to do …对…持谨慎乐观态度cautious optimism about sth. / be cautiously optimistic about sth.从…中得到的利益/收入proceeds of / from sth.收入，利益proceeds / gain / fame and gain/ profit离婚诉讼divorce proceedings继续做某事proceed to do …组装电脑assemble a computer拆卸…dismantle / take apart长时间的盘问prolonged questioning长时间暴露在阳光中prolonged exposure to the sun延长寿命prolong life持久战protracted warfare = prolonged warfare缩短假期curtail one’s holiday（电视剧）大结局the final episode性骚扰sexual harassment为…缠着某人pester sb. for sth.缠着某人（非得）做某事pester sb. to do皇家空军/海军the Royal Air Force / Navy当时，当年，想当初in those days当今，现如今these days/ today /nowadays英国/中国护照British / Chinese passport工作/学生/旅游签证work / student / tourist visa在某人年轻时in (one’s) youth使多样化 vary / diversify /add variety to … 或add color / spice to …为平淡的日常生活增添色彩add color to the dull routine of everyday life开始/着手做某事；有意做某事set out to do费力穿透…penetrate (into / through) …非法进入，侵入trespass on …定居，安顿settle down纪律松懈Discipline is slack / loose / lax.以/靠……为生 live on..对（某个地区）的抢劫a raid/raids on…空/陆军air/ land force（达到足够好的标准）适合…be fit for … / to do …面临，面对 be faced with …/ be confronted with …冒着…的危险risk sth. / doing冒着生命危险risk one’s life冒着赶上暴风雨的风险risk being caught in a storm于某种状态on the + noun. 处于警觉中on the alert忙忙碌碌on the go正在康复on the recovery上升之中on the rise在售on sale罢工on strike在度假on vacation办事/出差on business一个搜寻/救援小队a search/rescue party对…来说是独一无二的/是…所特有的be unique to …/ be peculiar to …🔥复盘测试监视，窥探一群浪迹天涯的音乐家去散步遛狗舒活筋骨迷途的羔羊放弃宗教信仰作伪证四处，各处，到处松懈的防守生意不好/不景气/萧条生意火热大萧条(美国经济大萧条时期)征服者威廉击败主要对手登顶克服恐高症防火/安全/安保/卫生（保健）预防措施采取预防措施采取措施采取有效措施…采取极端措施…对…持谨慎乐观态度从…中得到的利益/收入收入，利益离婚诉讼继续做某事组装电脑拆卸…长时间的盘问长时间暴露在阳光中延长寿命持久战缩短假期（电视剧）大结局性骚扰为…缠着某人缠着某人（非得）做某事皇家空军/海军当时，当年，想当初当今，现如今英国/中国护照工作/学生/旅游签证在某人年轻时使多样化为平淡的日常生活增添色彩开始/着手做某事；有意做某事费力穿透…非法进入，侵入定居，安顿纪律松懈以/靠……为生对（某个地区）的抢劫空/陆军（达到足够好的标准）适合…面临，面对冒着…的危险冒着生命危险冒着赶上暴风雨的风险于某种状态处于警觉中忙忙碌碌正在康复上升之中在售罢工在度假办事/出差一个搜寻/救援小队对…来说是独一无二的/是…所特有的
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