《大雅·既醉》是中国古代第一部诗歌总集《诗经》中的一首诗。此诗八章,每章四句,描述周代统治者祭祀祖先,祝官代表神尸对主祭者周王传达神灵旨意,表示祝福,祭祀完毕后周王和诸侯尽情宴饮。全诗通篇都是祝福词,虽是赋法,但笔致突兀,其重要的艺术特色是善于运用半顶针修辞格以增强诗歌的表现力。
既醉
既醉以酒,
既饱以德。
君子万年,
介尔景福。
既醉以酒,
尔肴既将[1]。
君子万年,
介尔昭明。
昭明有融,
高朗令终。
令终有俶[2],
公尸[3]嘉告。
其告维何?
笾豆静嘉。
朋友攸摄[4],
摄以威仪。
威仪孔时,
君子有孝子。
孝子不匮[5],
永锡尔类[6]。
其类维何?
室家之壶[7]。
君子万年,
永锡祚[8]胤[9]。
其胤维何?
天被尔禄。
君子万年,
景命有仆。
其仆维何?
厘[10]尔女士。
厘尔女士,
从以孙子。
你的美酒我已醉,
你的恩惠已饱偿。
但愿君子万万岁,
天赐大福享不尽。
你的美酒我已醉,
你的菜肴真是美。
但愿君子万万岁,
天赐前程多光明。
前程远大多光明,
智慧求得好始终。
善终必有好开始,
神尸好话仔细听。
神尸祝辞说什么?
祭品精洁又合适。
朋友宾客来助祭,
助祭庄严有威仪。
礼节威仪无差错,
君子又是大孝子。
孝子孝心无穷尽,
天赐给你好章程。
天赐章程是什么?
家室安宁天下平。
但愿君子万万岁,
天赐给你多福庆。
天赐福庆怎么样?
上天命你当国王。
但愿君子万万岁,
天赐妻妾和子孙。
妻妾子孙怎么样?
赐你女子和男丁。
赐你女子和男丁,
子子孙孙都兴旺。
注释:
[1] 将:美好。
[2] 俶:开始。
[3] 尸:祭祀中装扮神灵的人。
[4] 摄:辅佐。
[5] 匮:竭尽。
[6] 类:章程,法则。
[7] 壶(kǔn):扩充,广大。
[8] 祚:福禄。
[9] 胤:后嗣,子孙。
[10] 厘:通“赉”,赐予,给予。
Sacrificial Ode[1]
We’ve drunk wine strong
And thank your grace.
May you live long!
Long live your race!
We’ve drunk wine strong
And eaten food.
May you live long!
Be wise and good!
Be good and wise!
By God you’re led.
See spirit rise
And speak for our dead.
What does he say?
Your food is fine.
Constant friends stay
At the service divine.
With constant friends
And filial sons
There won’t be end
For pious ones.
To you belong
The pious race.
May you live long!
Be blessed with grace!
Your race appears
By Heaven blessed.
You’ll live long years,
Served east and west.
Who will serve you?
You will have maids and men.
Their sons will renew
Their service again.
[1] It was said that this ode was responsive to the previous one. The king’s relatives expressed their sense of his kindness and their wishes for his happiness, mostly in the words in which the personator of the dead had conveyed the satisfaction of his ancestors with the sacrifice ofered to them and promised to him their blessing.