《小雅·宾之初筵》是中国古代第一部诗歌总集《诗经》中的一首诗。此诗通过描写宴饮的场面,讽刺了酒后失仪、失言、失德的种种醉态,提出反对滥饮的主张。全诗五章,每章十四句。第一章描写初筵射礼;第二章描写百礼既至;第三章写饮酒渐多,由序而乱;第四章写酒后狂态;第五章以劝诫作结。诗中修辞丰富多彩,对醉态的描写十分精彩,用“屡舞仙仙”“屡舞僛僛”“屡舞傞傞”写初醉、甚醉、极醉之态,活画出一幅醉客图。
宾之初[1]筵
宾之初筵,
左右秩秩[2]。
笾豆有楚,
殽[3]核维旅。
酒既和旨[4],
饮酒孔偕。
钟鼓既设,
举酬逸逸[5]。
大侯[6]既抗,
弓矢斯张。
射夫既同,
献尔发功。
发彼有的,
以祈尔爵[7]。
龠[8]舞笙鼓,
乐既和奏。
烝[9]衎[10]烈祖,
以洽百礼。
百礼既至,
有壬[11]有林。
锡尔纯嘏[12],
子孙其湛。
其湛曰乐,
各奏尔能。
宾载手仇[13],
室人入又。
酌彼康[14]爵,
以奏尔时。
宾之初筵,
温温其恭。
其未醉止,
威仪反反。
曰既醉止,
威仪幡幡[15]。
舍其坐迁,
屡舞仙仙。
其未醉止,
威仪抑抑。
曰既醉止,
威仪怭怭[16]。
是曰既醉,
不知其秩。
宾既醉止,
载号载呶[17]。
乱我笾豆,
屡舞僛僛[18]。
是曰既醉,
不知其邮[19]。
侧弁之俄[20],
屡舞傞傞[21]。
既醉而出,
并受其福。
醉而不出,
是谓伐德[22]。
饮酒孔嘉,
维其令仪。
凡此饮酒,
或醉或否。
既立之监,
或佐之史。
彼醉不臧,
不醉反耻。
式勿从谓[23],
无俾大怠。
匪言勿言,
匪由勿语。
由醉之言,
俾出童羖[24]。
三爵不识,
矧[25]敢多又。
宾客入座开宴席,
宾主肃敬守礼仪。
笾碗豆盘摆上来,
菜肴果品实在好。
美酒味香又甘醇,
举杯共饮很协调。
钟鼓已经摆上来,
敬酒劝酒不慌乱。
君主箭靶高高挂,
张弓搭箭向靶心。
射者先来选对手,
一起跟你学功夫。
人人争取中目标,
好让对手来喝酒。
和籥起舞钟鼓鸣,
一起演奏很和谐。
此番娱乐献列祖,
百种礼仪要周备。
祭礼都已很周到,
隆重盛大又繁多。
神灵赐予你洪福,
子孙后代乐陶陶。
子孙高兴又欢乐,
献上射箭的技能。
宾客来把对手找,
主人也来陪一场。
给你满满斟一杯,
等你胜利来畅饮。
宾客入座开宴席,
个个温顺又恭敬。
现在还没有喝醉,
言行举止守礼仪。
喝过数旬都已醉,
礼数仪态有所忘。
离开各自的座位,
走起路来飘飘然。
刚刚还未喝醉时,
举止行为都慎重。
现在都已喝醉了,
仪态有些不端庄。
还说已经喝醉酒,
自然不知守礼仪。
宾客已经喝醉了,
又是叫啊又是闹。
果碗菜盘被推乱,
跳舞也是站不稳。
还说已经喝醉酒,
不知什么是过错。
皮帽已经戴歪了,
疯癫不停跳舞蹈。
如果醉了就出去,
就是大家的福气。
如果醉了还不走,
说明品德不太好。
饮酒享乐是好事,
只是礼仪很重要。
凡是举杯饮美酒,
有喝醉的有清醒。
已经设立了酒监,
更有史官记言行。
醉酒本来就不好,
不醉还说你不行。
不要劝他再多饮,
不要让他犯大错。
不该说的不要说,
不合法的不要做。
酒醉之后说的话,
公羊可以没有角。
他的酒量只三杯,
怎敢劝他再多喝。
注释:
[1] 初:席。
[2] 秩秩:肃敬的样子。
[3] 殽(yáo):同“肴”。
[4] 和旨:调美。
[5] 逸逸:往来不断。
[6] 侯:箭靶。
[7] 爵:射爵,射箭的礼数,不胜者被罚饮酒。
[8] 籥(yuè):一种乐器。
[9] 烝:进。
[10] 衎(kàn):娱乐。
[11] 壬:大。
[12] 纯嘏(gǔ):大福。
[13] 仇:对手。
[14] 康:大。
[15] 幡幡:失威仪。
[16] 怭怭(bì bì):轻薄、粗鄙的样子。
[17] 呶(náo):喧哗。
[18] 僛僛(qī qī):身体歪斜的样子。
[19] 邮:过错。
[20] 俄:倾倒的样子。
[21] 傞傞(suō suō):舞动不止的样子。一说为参差不齐的样子。
[22] 伐德:败德。
[23] 从谓:听从别人再劝酒。
[24] 童羖(gǔ):无角黑色公羊,世上本不存在。
[25] 矧(shěn):况且。
Revelry[1]
The guests come with delight
And take place left and right.
In rows arranged the dishes,
Displayed viands and fishes.
The wine is mild and good;
Guests drink and eat the food.
Bells and drums in their place,
They raise their cups with grace.
The target set on foot,
With bows for them to shoot,
The archers stand in row,
Ready their skill to show.
If the target is hit,
You’ll drink a cup for it.
They dance to music sweet
Of flute and to drumbeat.
Rites are performed to please
Our ancestors with ease.
The oferings on hand
Are so full and so grand.
You will be richly blessed,
Sons, grandsons and the rest.
Happy is every man.
Let each do what he can.
Each guest shoots with his bow;
The host joins in the row.
Let’s fill an empty cup.
When one hits, all cheer up.
When guests begin to feast,
They are gentle at least.
When they’ve not drunk too much,
They would observe the rite;
When they have drunk too much,
Their deportment is light.
They leave their seats and go
Capering to and fro.
When they’ve not drunk too much,
They are in a good mood;
When they have drunk too much,
They’re indecent and rude.
When they are deeply drunk,
They know not where they’re sunk.
When they’ve drunk their cups dry,
They shout out, brawl and cry.
They put plates upside down;
They dance like funny clown.
When they have drunk wine strong,
They know not right from wrong.
With their cups on one side,
They dance and slip and slide.
If drunk they went away,
The host would happy stay.
But drunk they will not go;
The host is full of woe.
We may drink with delight
If we observe the rite.
Whenever people drink,
In drunkenness some sink.
Appoint an inspector
And keep a register.
But drunkards feel no shame;
On others they’ll lay blame.
Don’t drink any more toast,
Or they will wrong the host.
Do not speak if you could;
Say only what you should.
Don’t say like drunkard born
You’re a ram without horn.
With three cups you’ve lost head;
With more you’d be drunk dead.
[1] Directed against drunkenness, this ode was a lively picture of the license of the time of King You.