《九章·哀郢》是战国时期楚国诗人屈原的诗作,是《九章》中的一篇。所谓“哀郢”,即哀悼楚国郢都被秦国攻陷、楚怀王受辱于秦,百姓流离失所之事。此诗采用了倒叙法,先从九年前秦军进攻楚国之时自己被放逐,随流亡百姓一起东行的情况写起,到后面抒写作诗当时的心情。全诗乱辞之前可分为五层,每层三节(四句一节)。前三层为回忆,其抒情主要通过记叙来表现;第四、五层是直接抒情:第四层抒发作诗当时的心情,第五层为对造成国家、个人悲剧之原因的思考。乱辞在情志、结构两方面总括全诗,写诗人虽日夜思念郢都,却因被放逐而不能回朝效力祖国的痛苦和悲伤。全诗章法谨严,浑然一体。
哀郢[1]
皇天之不纯命兮,
何百姓之震愆?
民离散而相失兮,
方仲春而东迁。
去故乡而就远兮,
遵江夏以流亡。
出国门而轸怀[2]兮,
甲之朝吾以行。
发郢都而去闾兮,
怊荒忽其焉极?
楫齐扬以容与兮,
哀见君而不再得。
望长楸[3]而太息兮,
涕淫淫其若霰。
过夏首而西浮兮,
顾龙门而不见。
心婵媛[4]而伤怀兮,
眇不知其所蹠[5]。
顺风波以从流兮,
焉洋洋而为客。
凌阳侯之泛滥兮,
忽翱翔之焉薄?
心絓结[6]而不解兮,
思蹇产而不释。
将运舟而下浮兮,
上洞庭而下江。
去终古之所居兮,
今逍遥而来东。
羌灵魂之欲归兮,
何须臾而忘反?
背夏浦而西思兮,
哀故都之日远。
登大坟[7]以远望兮,
聊以舒吾忧心。
哀州土之平乐兮,
悲江介之遗风。
当陵阳之焉至兮,
淼南渡之焉如?
曾不知夏之为丘兮,
孰两东门之可芜?
心不怡之长久兮,
忧与愁其相接。
惟郢路之辽远兮,
江与夏之不可涉。
忽若去不信兮,
至今九年而不复。
惨郁郁而不通兮,
蹇侘傺[8]而含戚。
外承欢之汋约兮,
谌荏弱而难持。
忠湛湛而愿进兮,
妒被离而鄣之。
尧、舜之抗行兮,
瞭杳杳而薄天。
众谗人之嫉妒兮,
被以不慈之伪名。
憎愠惀[9]之修美兮,
好夫人之慷慨。
众踥蹀[10]而日进兮,
美超远而逾迈。
乱曰:曼余目以流观兮,
冀壹反之何时?
鸟飞反故乡兮,
狐死必首丘。
信非吾罪而弃逐兮,
何日夜而忘之!
注释:
[1] 郢(yǐng):楚国都城。
[2] 轸(zhěn)怀:沉痛地思念。
[3] 楸(qiū):树名,落叶乔木。
[4] 婵媛(chán yuán):牵挂的意思。
[5] 蹠(zhí):踏。
[6] 絓(guà)结:心有牵挂郁结于心。
[7] 坟:水边的高地。
[8] 侘傺(chà chì):困顿失意的样子。
[9] 愠惀(yùn lǔn):诚实而不善言辞。
[10] 踥蹀(qiè dié):轻狂的步伐。
这真是天降厄运,
为何要让百姓迁徙流离?
人民流落他乡亲人失散,
正值二月就要向东逃难。
背井离乡迁徙到远方去,
沿着长江和夏水流亡。
走出国门那一刻我内心悲伤,
记得那正是甲日的早上。
从郢都出发我告别了家乡,
心思恍惚几乎辨不清方向。
齐划桨缓缓地前进,
伤心的是再也见不到君王。
望着故都高大的梓树叹息,
泪水滚落就像雪珠涟涟。
经过夏口我们继续向西行,
再回首时龙门已经看不见了。
思绪绵绵让人心碎,
前途渺茫不知道落脚何方。
任船儿随波逐流,
我们飘飘摇摇客居他乡。
乘着大波之神的滚滚波涛,
我们像迷途的鸟儿去哪里栖息?
心中的死结无法解开,
内心忧郁不能释怀。
撑着船继续往东漂流,
经过洞庭湖继续东入大江。
离开了我们世代繁衍的家乡,
现在流浪到了东方。
我的灵魂是多么地眷恋故土,
怎么有一时一刻忘记回返?
背对着夏水,我思念西方,
悲哀的是故乡已是越来越远。
登上高处向远方眺望,
暂且疏散一点内心的忧伤。
这一带原是多么地平静祥和,
可叹沿江何处还保留着古老的风俗。
面向着陵阳山还能去向哪里,
渡过浩渺的江水又将到什么地方呢?
真没想到华屋宗庙竟成废墟,
古都的两座东门就任其慢慢荒芜?
我情绪低落已经很久了,
忧郁哀愁远远没有尽头。
再回郢都已经路途遥远,
长江和夏水是那么难以渡过。
突然被迫离开是因为我不被信任,
到今天已经九年了还不能回返。
内心悲伤愤懑理不清头绪,
失意之人只能默默悲戚。
有人表面装出一副媚态,
实际懦弱胆小无法承担救国大任。
我忠心耿耿期望获得重用,
可惜嫉妒者总是阻挡着我。
尧舜的行为是多么崇高,
眼光远大似乎直逼青天。
但嫉妒他们的人还是生出许多谗言,
让他们背负不仁的虚假罪名。
国君憎恨着忠厚高尚的人,
却偏爱伪君子的慷慨谗言。
小人们一天天靠近君王,
君子被排挤远远地站在一边。
尾声:我放眼四方,
期待着何时能够回归故都?
鸟儿都要飞回故乡,
狐狸死去头要朝向出生的山冈。
被放逐确实不是我的过错,
这些忧愁思念我日日夜夜都不会忘记!
Lament for the Chu Capital
Inconstant is Heaven on high. oh!
How people tremble far and nigh!
Scattered, all men are lost in woe; oh!
Just in mid-spring eastward I go.
I leave my home for far-off place; oh!
Exiled, along the stream I pace.
I pass through city gate with heavy heart, oh!
On the first day at dawn I part.
Leaving the capital of Chu, oh!
I am at a loss what to do.
In time we dip slowly the oar; oh!
My prince is not seen, I deplore.
Gazing on high trees, I heave sighs; oh!
Like sleet sad tears fall from my eyes.
Passing Summer Head, westward we float, oh!
The Dragon Gate can’t be seen from my boat.
Hurt by an invisible wound, oh!
I know not where to stand aground.
I follow the waves and the breeze, oh!
As if I traveled at my ease.
I ride on waves which overflow, oh!
Like birds in flight knowing not where to go.
My heart is in unresolved doubt, oh!
My thought in a maze can find no way out.
I let my boat float downstream through, oh!
The Dongting Lake and River Blue.
I’ve left the home where I lived since old days, oh!
At random I go eastward way.
Not for a moment does my soul not yearn, oh!
To the old capital to return.
Gazing westward on Summer Bay, oh!
I’m grieved each day to be farther away.
I climb the bank to look afar, oh!
To ease the sorrow of my heart.
I’m sad to see the land so wide, oh!
And the old ways of the riverside.
Where will the waves in the south flow? oh!
Crossing the river, where shall I go?
Who could foresee the ruined palace great, oh!
With its two ruined eastern gates?
My heart feels unhappy for long, oh!
And grief and sorrow come in throng.
The capital in mist is lost, oh!
The Summer River can’t be crossed.
Unbelievably olden time disappears; oh!
I have not been back for nine years.
My sadness cannot be expressed; oh!
In despair my grief is compressed.
By outward flattery you’re charmed, oh!
How could the weak not be disarmed?
Loyal, I tried to come near you; oh!
Jealousy cut me off from your view.
Kings Yao and Shun’s deeds spread far and nigh; oh!
Their glory reaches to the sky.
The backbitters envious of their fame, oh!
Give them a false and unkind name.
You dislike the straightforward beauty, oh!
And say the braggarts doing their duty.
They press forward and win each day more grace; oh!
True beauty’s forced to far-off place.
Epilogue
Gazing with longing eyes, I stand; oh!
When may I come back to my homeland?
A bird flies nowhere but home-bound; oh!
A dying fox turns its head to its mound.
Guiltless but banished, I take flight; oh!
How can I forget you day and night?